Justifi cativa e Objetivos: Infecção hospitalar (IH) é um problema cada vez mais frequente e a presença de microrganismos resistentes gera impacto clínico e econômico. Este estudo objetiva determinar o perfi l epidemiológico das infecções hospitalares ocasionadas por bactérias multidrogarresistentes em um hospital do norte de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Foram analisadas fi chas de notifi cação obtidas no Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (SCIH) de um hospital do norte de Minas, referentes ao período de Abril de 2011 a Abril de 2012. Incluíram-se no estudo todos os casos de IH por bactérias multidrogaresistentes (MDR). Resultados: Ocorreram 44 casos de IH por MDR, sendo 19 (56,8%) em pacientes do sexo feminino. Os sítios de infecção por MDR mais frequentes foram: Infecção do Trato Urinário (40,9%) e infecção da corrente sanguínea (25%). A maior frequência dos casos ocorreu na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos e no período de 0 a 15 dias de internação. As bactérias encontradas foram: Klebsiella pneumoniae (27,7%), Escherichia coli (23,4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21,3%), Staphylococcus aureus (14,9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6,4%), Enterobacter sp (2,1%), Morganella morganii (2,1%) e Burkholderia cepacia (2,1%). O mecanismo de resistência mais frequente foi a produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido. Nas IH por MDR houve maior ocorrência de procedimentos invasivos que nas IH por bactérias não MDR [OR 3.7 (IC 95%: 2.02-4.03)]. Conclusão: A prevalência de infecção por MDR no período estudado foi de 11.6%. É importante a detecção e o controle da disseminação de microrganismos MDR por seu impacto na morbidade e sobrevida dos pacientes. Backgound and Objectives: Nosocomial infection (IH) is an increasingly common problem and the presence of resistant microorganisms causes clinical and economic impact. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by Multidrug-Resistant bacteria in a hospital in northern Minas Gerais. Methods: Notifi cation forms obtained from the Infection Control Service (SCIH) of a hospital of Northern Minas Gerais were analyzed, for the period April 2011 to April 2012. Were included in the study all cases of Hospital Infection (IH) caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). Results: There were 44 cases of MDR caused by IH, 19 females and 25 males. The most frequent infection sites were: Urinary Tract Infection (40,9%) and Bloodstream Infection (25%). The highest frequency of cases occurred in the age group 60 to 69 years and in the period 0-15 days of hospitalization. The bacteria found were Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.7%), Escherichia coli (23.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.4%), Enterobacter sp (2.1%), Morganella morganii (2.1%) and Burkholderia cepacia (2.1%). The resistance mechanism most frequent was ESBL production. IH by MDR has more invasive procedures that occur in bacteria IH not MDR, OR: 3.7 (95% CI: 2:02-4:03). Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR infection during the study period was 11.6%...

Background and Aim: The term ESKAPE, recognized by the WHO, is an acronym, which refers to the pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., which is extremely virulent and multidrug-resistant. Although the term is used to designate nosocomial pathogens, in a milking environment, strains of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus have been isolated from cattle diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. Resistant strains may be involved in the transfer of genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among the species of microorganisms related to mastitis etiology. This study aimed to trace the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of susceptibility to beta-lactams in S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis obtained from different rural properties located in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Materials and Methods: Sixteen microorganisms previously identified as S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), mass spectrometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for microbial species confirmation. The S. aureus beta-lactams antimicrobial phenotypic resistance profile was investigated by disk diffusion method. PCR methods were also performed to investigate the S. aureus genotypic beta-lactams resistance profile. For this purpose, blaZ, mecA, mecALGA251, blaOxa23, and blaKPC genes were screened among S. aureus isolates. The genetic diversity of S. aureus by fingerprint random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was also performed in this study. Results: All isolates showed phenotypic resistance to at least three beta-lactams, among which was meropenem. None of the isolates tested positive for the genes mecALGA251, blaOxa23, and blaKPC; however, the presence of the genes blaZ and mecA was detected among the isolates. The fingerprint analysis divided isolates into two distinct groups and 15 different subgroups. Despite the presence of clonality among the isolates, the PCR-RAPD analysis unveiled a heterogeneous profile with genetic diversity among the S. aureus isolates. Conclusion: In this study, we identified beta-lactams resistant S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. The S. aureus beta-lactams resistance was investigated using a phenotypic and genotypic approach. We believe that molecular epidemiology, improved knowledge, and genetic basis of resistance to beta-lactams might assist in asserting guidelines for better management practices of dealing with subclinical mastitis and mapping of origin of resistant pathogens in the studied Brazilian area.

Introduction: Contaminated hospital environments contribute to the transmission of microorganisms associated with healthcare. Contaminated surfaces handled by patients or healthcare professionals are a source of microorganism transmission by hand. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus bacteria are among the main agents responsible for increasing healthcare-associated infections in Brazil and worldwide. Methods: The objective of this study was to screen and characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. on surfaces near patients in an intensive care unit. Microbiological samples, collected from ten beds in an intensive care unit with five sampling sites, were inoculated into a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chromogenic medium. MALDI-TOF and PCR analyses were used to identify the bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion test. The presence of the mecA gene was investigated using PCR. Results: We observed that 44 out of the 50 sampling sites presented grown isolates in the methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus medium. The incidence of isolated microorganisms on the right side rail, left side rail, tables, infusion pump keypad, and cardiac monitor were 18.8 %, 36.7 %, 10.9 %, 2.4 %, and 31 %, respectively. The 42 isolates included in this study were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. All of these microorganisms were multidrug-resistant and mecA gene-positive. Conclusions: This study identified the presence of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus on the beds of an intensive care unit, providing evidence for the necessity of assertive actions to decrease the risk of healthcare-associated infections at the site.

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