The effect of different concentrations in weight per volume percentage, (w/v)% of iota-carrageenan and carboxymethyl-iota carrageenan used as the green polymer electrolyte has been studied. The polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting technique. Different concentration in the range from 1.0 – 6.0 (w/v)% were dissolved in fix volume of acetic acid which act as solvent. The films have been analyzed through attenuated Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS results showed that the ionic conductivity increased as the concentration of the polymer increases. In comparison between iota-carrageenan and carboxymethyl iota-carrageenan, carboxymethyl-iota carrageenan showed better results due to the presence of more active site. The highest conductivity achieved by iota-carrageenan and carboxymethyl iota-carrageenan were 3.45 × 10-6S cm-1and 9.57 × 10-4S cm-1at the concentration 3.0 and 4.0 (w/v)% , respectively. From the FTIR spectra, it depicts that the intensity of significant peaks of ether and carboxylate group increases as the concentration of polymer increases. The XRD analysis showed that as the concentration of polymer increase, the amorphous region in the films would be enhanced. This study showed that the concentration play significant role in the ionic conductivity improvement.

Abstract-As optical networking deployments increase, multidomain provisioning and survivability are becoming major concerns. A key challenge in multi-domain survivability is the scalability problem. To address this concern, various solutions have already been proposed based upon topology aggregation schemes. However, these mechanisms do not scale well with increasing domain counts and further investigation is required to develop more scalable alternatives. Along these lines, in this paper we propose to use graph partitioning techniques to solve the scalability problem in multi-domain optical networks. To demonstrate the efficiency of our method, we also extend the pcycle concept to multi-domain settings. Overall simulation results show the efficiency of our proposed solution in terms of resource utilization and the number of p-cycle structures.

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With the growth of green technology, the usage of biopolymer becomes important. The potential of kappa carrageenan as a host polymer consisting of different concentration of acetic acid was investigated in this study. The polymer electrolyte of kappa carrageenan was prepared by solution-casting technique. The attenuated reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy showed there are shifting of wavenumber that represents hydroxyl, sulphate and ether stretching which confirmed the formation of polymer- acetic acid complex. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed the highest conductivity achieved was 4.48 ×10-7 S cm−1 for kappa carrageenan incorporated with 5% acetic acid at room temperature and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that polymer electrolyte based on kappa carrageenan exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature higher than 200 °C. These indicate that kappa carrageenan display good thermal and conductivity properties which can be applied as a host polymer for solid polymer electrolyte application.

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