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Objectives. Testing for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) facilitates the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Here, we report an incidence of ANA positivity and its patterns by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and specific autoantibodies through immunodot assay. Methods. Sera from 993 patients presenting with various ADs were tested by IIF and immunodot assay. Results. ANAs were detected in 39.7%, of which speckled pattern was predominantly observed (50.8%). 56.8% of samples were positive on the immunodot assay, with SSA Ro 60 antibody being the most prevalent (30.7%). Discussion. A significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was observed between patterns and auto-antibodies. Coarse speckled (CS) and homogeneous were overly represented by antibodies SSA Ro 60 (13%) and nucleosomes (5.8%), respectively. Mi-2, PL-7, PL-12, and SP-100 were the rarest autoantibodies specificities found. Conclusions. The presence of a particular IIF pattern is predictive of a specific autoantibody in the sample. Association of IIF patterns and specific autoantibody are relevant for a more accurate diagnosis of disease. ADs from 7.5 to 12%, which indicated a significant health care burden (12). Serum antibodies against nucleus and anti-extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) are widely used in clinical practice and are included in the diagnosis of ADs (13,14). The most common autoantibodies are ANAs, which are conventionally assessed by IIF and include antibodies to both nuclear and cytoplasmic components (15). The immunofluorescence staining patterns and specific autoantibodies are clinically relevant as they are associated with particular ADs (16). Due to the ethnic variations, genetic and environmental factors, there is a significant variation in incidence and disease-specific autoantibodies (17,18). Nonetheless, ANA is frequently found in a considerable proportion of healthy subjects although studies are generally performed in selected populations, such as blood donors or employees, while data on ANA prevalence (19-21) and clinical significance over time (22) in an unselected general population, are limited.

Decomposition followed by stabilization of organic substances by biological actions has been taking place in nature from the very beginning of life appeared on our planet. Anthropogenic control and utilization of the process for sanitary disposal and reclamation of organic waste material have been termed composting and the final product is named compost. Microbial community leads the processes of both aerobic and anaerobic composting and converts wastes to a stable form of nutrients. The C/N ratio is the most important factor for decomposition, especially aerobic decomposition. Microorganisms respire two-third of carbon as CO 2 , and one-third combines with nitrogen in living cell, and huge amount of heat energy is released as end product of aerobic decomposition as compared to anaerobic process. In agricultural world, utilization of human and animal wastes has great importance. Extensive studies on composting were initiated in India. Different composting methods like pit method, heap method, ADCO method, vermicomposting, etc. presently exist in the world. Humus is the end product of composting, and different organic wastes contain macro, micro, and trace elements, which reflect valuable properties for growing vegetation and to the soil itself.

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