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This paper presents the results of a survey and analysis of electricity tariffs and marginal electricity prices for commercial buildings. The tariff data come from a survey of 90 utilities and 250 tariffs for non-residential customers collected in 2004 as part of the Tariff Analysis Project at LBNL [2]. The goals of this analysis are to provide useful summary data on the marginal electricity prices commercial customers actually see, and insight into the factors that are most important in determining prices under different circumstances. We provide a new, empirically-based definition of several marginal prices: the effective marginal price, and energy-only and demand-only prices, and derive a simple formula that expresses the dependence of the effective marginal price on the marginal load factor. The latter is a variable that can be used to characterize the load impacts of a particular end-use or efficiency measure. We calculate all these prices for eleven regions within the continental U.S. The methodology developed here can be adapted to any particular customer or utility sub-sample that may be of interest.

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The Government of Ghana, through the Ministry of Mines and Energy is committed to improving the national energy infrastructure and market in Ghana. This report presents the results of a survey and analysis of household energy use and appliance ownership in Ghana. This work, with the collaboration and support of the Government of Ghana, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USAID, the Alliance to Save Energy, and the Energy Foundation of Ghan% is expected to support legislation requiring minimum energy performance standards for home appliances. Refilgerators, room air conditioners, and lighting, which together account for the bulk of residential energy use, are the initial targets for regulation. The time is now for Ghana to act and take a leadership role in promoting energy efficiency in the region. With so many reforms taking place in the energy sector, appliance energy performance standards can only enhance the ability of the Ghanaian economy to move ahead in the next decades. Preliminary findings indicate that implementing a European-type minimum energy pefiormance standard for refrigerators could result in savings up to @07 billion by 2010 (US$50 million) for consumers, and reduce carbon emissions over the same period by 230,000 tonnes. A 10% savings in energy consumption for room air conditioners could save residential consumers nearly #18 billion (US$8 million) and reduce carbon emissions by 38,000 tonnes. For lighting, saving 10°/0 of the residential load through policy and regulation would translate into @13.8 billion (US$6 million) in consumer savings and that is only counting urban customers. The carbon reductions would amount to 24,000 tonnes. More study is recommended.