Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, both in men and women. The vast majority of patients are diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, 80–85% of lung cancer cases). Therapeutics named immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment in the last decade. They are monoclonal antibodies, and those directed against PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) or PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) have been used in the treatment of lung cancer and significantly improved the prognosis of NSCLC patients. However, during treatment with ICIs, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can occur in any organ and any tissue. At the same time, although cardiac irAEs are relatively rare compared to irAEs in other organs, they have a high mortality rate. The two most common clinical manifestations of immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity are myocarditis and pericarditis. Various types of arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with ICIs, including the occurrence of life-threatening complete atrioventricular block or ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Here, we aim to summarize the incidence, clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for ICI-associated cardiotoxicity as these issues become very important in view of the increasing use of ICI in the treatment of lung cancer.

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The increasing number of implantation procedures of implantable cardiac electronic devices (ICEDs) leads to a substantial growth of a cohort of patients in whom complications of such a therapy occur. Infective complications are among the most severe ones, as they are often associated with poor prognosis. Depending on the criteria applied, the incidence of cardiac device infection (CDI) is estimated at 0.5-2.2%. Many risk factors of CDIs have been identified, among which the most important are numerous previous cardiac electrotherapy procedures and their complexity, and the lack of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Appropriate diagnosis of a suspected CDI is of utmost importance, as well as the correct classification of the infection, which leads to adequate treatment. Management of a CDI should include complete removal of the implanted device. Additionally, empirical and then targeted antibiotic therapy should be instituted. The prognosis of CDI may, nonetheless, be unfavorable. Despite appropriate treatment, the total mortality rate of such complication is estimated to be as high as 35%.

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Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is considered to be associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and electromechanical dissociation. However, current arrhythmic risk stratification and the role of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of SCD remains unclear. This article provides a narrative review of the literature on electrophysiological abnormalities in the context of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CA and the role of ICD in terms of survival benefit in this group of patients.