O estudo cinético da reação clorato-cloreto foi feito acompanhando-se a formação do ClO 2 • por espectroscopia UV-Vis. Para permitir comparação com resultados da literatura, a velocidade inicial foi medida após pequeno período de indução. The kinetics of chlorate-chloride reaction was studied following the formation of ClO 2 • by UV-Vis spectroscopy. For comparison with other results in the literature, the initial rate was measured after small induction period. The results show a special effect of a saturation profile for the initial chloride concentration, suggesting the formation of the intermediate Cl 2 O 3 2-. At low chloride concentration, the reaction orders for chlorate, chloride and H + were 1.03 ± 0.05, 1.02 ± 0.03 and 2.80 ± 0.03, respectively. These order values must be considered with care because they were calculated using the maximum rate values after induction period. In fact, the presence of this induction period indicates that the system is complex. Then, a mechanism was proposed to explain the experimental results, and includes the reaction between two ClOClO to form ClO 2 •. It was able to model the experimental curves at different [H + ] 0 and at low and high [Cl -] 0 .

Satisfactory tillering is the basic attribute to ensure stability and productivity of a grass population. We aimed to develop an understanding of tillering in Urochloa brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (Marandu palisadegrass) maintained at constant or variable heights during the various seasons of the year and to identify defoliation strategies that optimize tillering. In an experiment conducted in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3 defoliation strategies were studied: sward kept at 30 cm during the whole year (constant height); kept at 15 cm in fall/winter, 30 cm in spring and 45 cm in summer (increasing height); and kept at 45 cm in fall/winter, 30 cm in spring and 15 cm in the summer (decreasing height). The experiment was completely randomized, with 4 replicates. The following variables were evaluated: tiller appearance (TAR), mortality (TMR) and survival (TSR) rates; the balance (BAL) between TAR and TMR; tiller population stability (TPS); and number of tillers/m 2 (NT). In winter and late spring, TAR and BAL were low, while in early spring, the sward with decreasing height showed high TAR, BAL and TPS. The NT was higher when managed with increasing height than with other height strategies. Lowering pasture height from 45 to 30 cm after the winter increased TAR in early spring. Grazing studies seem warranted to assess how these results can be reproduced under grazing and how pasture yield and quality plus animal performance compare with those under the fixed grazing height regimen.Keywords: Defoliation, grazing management, pasture height, tillers, Urochloa brizantha. ResumenLa capacidad para formar macollas es un atributo básico para garantizar la sostenibilidad y productividad de una población de plantas en una pastura. En Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil se evaluó el macollamiento de Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandú manejado a alturas constantes o variables durante las diferentes estaciones del año con el objetivo de identificar las estrategias de defoliación que optimicen el macollamiento de este cultivar. Las estrategias de defoliación consistieron en: pastura a una altura de 30 cm a través del año (altura constante); pastura a 15 cm en otoño/invierno, 30 cm en primavera y 45 cm en verano (altura creciente); y pastura a 45 cm en otoño/invierno, 30 cm en primavera y 15 cm en verano (altura decreciente). El diseño del experimento fue completamente al azar, con 4 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: tasas de aparición de rebrotes (TAR), mortalidad de rebrotes (TMR) y supervivencia de rebrotes (TSR); equilibrio (BAL) entre TAR y TMR; estabilidad de la población de rebrotes (TPS); y número de rebrotes/m 2 (NT). En invierno y hacia finales de la primavera, TAR y BAL fueron bajos, mientras que a principios de la primavera, el tratamiento decreciente mostró altos TAR, BAL y TPS. El NT fue mayor en el ___________ Correspondence: G.P. Silva, University of São Paulo/ESALQ, Department of Animal Science, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, Piracicaba CEP 13418-90...

Reduction of sward height in the fall and winter as a strategy to improve the structure of marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) Reducción AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify defoliation strategies that might improve the structure of Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu (marandu palisadegrass). The following 3 defoliation strategies were compared in a plot study: sward kept at 15 cm in fall and winter (W) and 30 cm in spring (Sp) and summer (Su) (15W-30Sp-30Su); sward kept at 30 cm during the entire experimental period (30W-30Sp-30Su); and sward kept at 45 cm in fall and winter and 30 cm in spring and summer (45W-30Sp-30Su). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 replicates. Plots were cut with shears to the appropriate height weekly in winter and twice weekly in spring, summer and fall. Tiller density, mean tiller weight, leaf area index, forage mass, percentage of live leaf blades and percentage of stems were measured every 28 days. Forage mass in winter was directly related to pasture height (P<0.05) but differences had disappeared by summer (P>0.05). Mean tiller density was independent of cutting height but was higher in spring and summer than in winter (P<0.05). Mean tiller weight in winter was directly related to cutting height (P<0.05) but differences had disappeared by summer. The percentage of live leaf blades in the swards was affected by season with spring>summer>winter and by cutting height in fall/winter with leaf percentage inversely related to cutting height. Stem percentage in the swards in winter was directly related to cutting height. Grazing studies seem warranted to determine if these plot results are reflected under grazing conditions and what the impacts are on animal performance.Keywords: Herbage mass, leaf area index, morphological composition, tillering. ResumenEl objetivo del estudio, conducido en Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, fue identificar estrategias de defoliación con el fin de mejorar la estructura de una pastura de Urochloa brizantha (sin. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu. Se compararon 3 estrategias: (1) mantener el pasto a una altura de 15 cm en otoño e invierno (W) y de 30 cm en primavera (Sp) y verano (Su) (15W-30Sp-30Su); (2) mantener el pasto a una altura de 30 cm durante todo el período experimental (30W-30Sp-30Su); y (3) mantener el pasto a una altura de 45 cm en otoño e invierno y de 30 cm en primavera y verano (45W-30Sp-30Su). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 4 repeticiones. Las parcelas se cortaron con tijeras a la altura respectiva semanalmente en invierno y 2 veces por semana en primavera, verano y otoño. se midieron la densidad de brotes, el peso medio de los brotes, el índice de área foliar, la masa de forraje, el porcentaje de hojas vivas y el porcentaje de tallos. La masa forrajera en invierno se relacionó directamente con la altura del pasto (P<0.05), pero las diferencias desaparecieron en verano (P>0.05). La densidad media de los brot...

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