Pantoea ananatis is a gram-negative bacterium and the primary causal agent of center rot of onions in Georgia. Previous genomic studies identified two virulence gene clusters, HiVir and alt, associated with center rot. The HiVir gene cluster is required to induce necrosis on onion tissues via synthesis of pantaphos, (2-hydroxy[phosphono-methyl)maleate), a phosphonate phytotoxin. The alt gene cluster aids in tolerance to thiosulfinates generated during onion tissue damage. Whole genome sequencing of other Pantoea species suggests that these gene clusters are present outside of P. ananatis. To assess the distribution of these gene clusters, two PCR primer sets were designed to detect the presence of HiVir and alt. Two hundred fifty-two strains of Pantoea spp. were phenotyped using the red onion scale necrosis (RSN) assay and were genotyped using PCR for the presence of these virulence genes. A diverse panel of strains from three distinct culture collections comprised of 24 Pantoea species, 41 isolation sources, and 23 countries, collected from 1946–2019, was tested. There is a significant association between the alt PCR assay and Pantoea strains recovered from symptomatic onion (P < 0.001). There is also a significant association of a positive HiVir PCR and RSN assay among P. ananatis strains but not among Pantoea spp., congeners. This may indicate a divergent HiVir cluster or different pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms. Last, we describe natural alt positive [RSN+/HiVir+/alt+] P. ananatis strains, which cause extensive bulb necrosis in a neck-to-bulb infection assay compared to alt negative [RSN+/HiVir+/alt–] P. ananatis strains. A combination of assays that include PCR of virulence genes [HiVir and alt] and an RSN assay can potentially aid in identification of onion-bulb-rotting pathogenic P. ananatis strains.
La zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) es el cuarto rubro hortícola del país. La introducción de cultivares comerciales importados que poseen mejor calidad comercial que las poblaciones locales (PL) ha provocado la pérdida de la diversidad en los materiales genéticos locales. Sin embargo, poblaciones locales continúan bajo cultivo y en el interés de productores. La zanahoria del país o criolla (semilla de origen local) se utiliza para siembras de verano, por su precocidad y adaptación a temperaturas altas. En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento de poblaciones locales y poblaciones mejoradas, en diferentes fechas de siembra y diferentes sitios en la zona sur del Uruguay. Los trabajos se realizaron durante 2007, 2008 y 2009. Se incluyeron los cultivares «Kuroda» y «Brasilia» como controles. En el Análisis de Componentes Principales, los rendimientos comerciales y totales y los indicadores de calidad por color y contenido de carotenos fueron las variables que más diferenciaron el comportamiento de las poblaciones y de los sitios. Los efectos año (clima) y fecha de siembra explicaron las mayores diferencias entre las poblaciones en los sitios. Para siembras de marzo (final del verano) existieron diferencias significativas de los rendimientos totales y comerciales en la interacción poblaciones por año y sitios por año, pero no interacción sitio por población. La PL Rodríguez y la selección mejorada CRS se destacaron por sus rendimientos en los tres años. Los experimentos sembrados en noviembre (comienzo del verano) no mostraron diferencias en el rendimiento entre poblaciones, pero sí entre sitios y entre años, como consecuencia de la intensa sequía del verano 2008-09.
Las abejas de la genero Megachile cortan hojas y pétalos para construcción de sus nidos. Se encontró en el borde del cultivo de soja, cortes de al menos dos especies de estas abejas, mostrando la flexibilidad que poseen para utilizar especies vegetales exóticas.
Pantoea ananatis is a gram-negative bacterium and the primary causal agent of center rot of onions in Georgia. Previous genomic studies identified two virulence gene clusters, HiVir and alt, associated with center rot. The HiVir gene cluster is required to induce necrosis on onion tissues via synthesis of a predicted small molecule toxin. The alt gene cluster aids in tolerance to thiosulfinates generated during onion tissue damage. Whole genome sequencing of other Pantoea species suggest that these gene clusters are present outside of P. ananatis. To assess the distribution of these gene clusters, two PCR primer sets were designed to detect the presence of HiVir and alt. Two hundred fifty-two strains of Pantoea spp. were phenotyped using the red onion scale necrosis (RSN) assay and were assayed using PCR for the presence of these virulence genes. A diverse panel of strains from three distinct culture collections comprised of 24 Pantoea species, 41 isolation sources, and 23 countries, collected from 1946-2019, were tested. There is a significant association between the alt PCR assay and Pantoea strains recovered from symptomatic onion (P<0.001). There is also a significant association of a positive HiVir PCR and RSN assay among P. ananatis strains but not among Pantoea spp., congeners. This may indicate a divergent HiVir cluster or different pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms. Last, we describe natural alt positive [RSN+/HiVir+/alt+] P. ananatis strains, which cause extensive bulb necrosis in a neck-to-bulb infection assay compared to alt negative [RSN+/HiVir+/alt-] P. ananatis strains. A combination of assays that include PCR of virulence genes [HiVir and alt] and an RSN assay can potentially aid in identification of onion-bulb-rotting pathogenic P. ananatis strains.
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