The diagnosis and clinical decision making based on Machine Learning technologies are showing significant advances that may change the functioning of our health care systems. These advances promise more effective and efficient healthcare, at a lower cost. This may allow healthcare professionals to recover 'high-touch' time with their patients. The evidence suggests that all these promises have yet to be demonstrated in clinical practice, but what is undeniable is that these technologies are resignifying the relationships in the health landscape, particularly the physician-patient relationship, which we could already redefine as "physiciancomputer-patient relationship". Although it is true that today fully automated decision systems are scarce in comparison with integrative decision support systems, we cannot fail to observe the horizon they define. Our most recent regulatory framework, defined by the General Regulation on Data Protection, has tried to avoid this scenario by including the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing. In this paper, however, we argue that this legal tool is adequate but not sufficient to address the legal, ethical and social challenges that Machine Learning technologies pose to patients' rights and health care givers' capacities.

No abstract

La Corte de Distrito de La Haya dictó el 5 de febrero de 2020 una sentencia sobre el Sistema de Indicación de Riesgos (SyRI), por la que considera que: i) es lícito utilizar instrumentos de este tipo siempre que exista un interés público que lo justifique y se tomen las medidas adecuadas para garantizar la mínima injerencia necesaria en el derecho a la privacidad; y ii) que la implementación de SyRI no ofrece garantías suficientes como para considerar que este sistema en concreto respeta el necesario juicio de proporcionalidad que debe superar toda injerencia en la privacidad de acuerdo con el artículo 8 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos (CEDH). A lo largo de este trabajo reflexionaremos en detalle sobre las consideraciones de la Corte en esta sentencia en relación con el respeto a la privacidad, la obtención masiva de datos y la opacidad con que funcionan los algoritmos de análisis de datos masivos.

No abstract

On 20 October 2020, the European Parliament adopted a resolution (2020/2012(INL)) with recommendations to the Commission regarding artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies, which included a legislative proposal for a Regulation on the ethical principles for the development, deployment and use of these technologies. The content of this proposal undoubtedly follows from the regulatory vision that the European Commission has maintained in documents such as the White Paper on Artificial Intelligence (COM(2020) 65 final) or the Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI drawn up by the High-Level Expert Group on AI. Given this new legislative horizon, it is more necessary than ever to address a constructive criticism on the proposal, highlighting the possibility of reformulating its markedly soft-law character despite its location in a regulatory source of general application and directly applicable, such as regulations, or the adopted approach for certain key principles such as human supervision or discrimination.