Since the (re) emergence of heterodox medicine across the Western world, there have been numerous interpretations of this phenomenon by the social sciences. Heterodox patients were said to be active consumers holding postmodern values, while heterodox physicians were described as heretics. Medical doctors taking up heterodox medicine were criticised for acting in their own financial interests. To examine these notions, we selected the most prominent heterodox mode of treatment in the German healthcare system: acupuncture. Twenty-six semi-structured interviews with medical acupuncturists and their patients were conducted. On the physicians' side, we analyse their styles of practice. To what extent is acupuncture incorporated into biomedical models? Were there any doctors who completely converted to Chinese ideas about health and illness? The patients' activities before and during treatment are addressed. What made them choose acupuncture? How thoroughly did-and do-they collect information on heterodox treatment? The patients' perception of their relationship with their physicians and the decision-making processes during the consultations are also examined. Finally, we argue that while some modes of heterodox medicine resemble parallel forms of general practice, acupuncture tends to become a medical speciality in which physicians tailor their practice to the individual patient's (perceived) demands. From the patients' perspectives, a passive rather than active form of consumerism emerges, involving ideas on medical services that closely correspond to classical modernity.
In the sociology of health and illness, the heterogeneous field of heterodox medicine is often conceptualised as a more or less homogeneous entity. All kinds of heterodox modes of treatment are pooled together in order to discover the heterodox patient. In this way, differences between several heterodox modes of treatment are lost and the emerging picture remains vague. In this paper, we concentrate on one particular mode of treatment: Ayurveda. Based on 14 semi-structured interviews conducted with the patients of German Ayurvedic physicians, we examine the paths that lead patients to this form of Asian medicine, and how they process Ayurvedic concepts and make sense of them. It will be a story of how trust in heterodox medicine is built and confirmed, a story of how foreign knowledge is creatively received, modified and thus glocalised. We will also explore the patients' perception of their relationships with their physicians, for the success of heterodox medicine is often traced to a more satisfying, personal relationship with the physician when compared to the rather brief and technical consultations common in biomedicine. Finally, it is argued that Ayurvedic patients do not readily fit the notion that heterodox patients are active consumers.
ZusammenfassungDer Aufsatz traktiert zentrale Aspekte systemtheoretischer Analyse und Beobachtung von Funktionssystemen im Hinblick auf das Feld von Krankheit und Gesundheit. Die Reihenfolge der Abschnitte entspricht systemtheoretischer Architektonik: Behandelt werden Ausdifferenzierung, Code, das spezifische symbolisch generalisierte Kommunikationsmedium bzw. spezifische autopoietische Elemente, ferner Programme, Organisationen sowie die Reflexionstheorien. Die systemtheoretische und medizinsoziologische Literatur zu den jeweiligen Aspekten wird vorgestellt und kritisch kommentiert. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Debatten um den medizinischen Code und damit die Frage, ob das Medizinsystem autonom ist oder ob Medizin- und Präventionssystem Subsysteme eines Gesundheitssystems bilden. Der Beitrag spricht sich für Luhmanns Codierung gesund/krank und gegen die These zweier Subsysteme aus, wie sie von Autoren wie Bauch, Hafen und Pelikan vorgeschlagen werden. Befunde können diesem System als spezifisches Kommunikationsmedium oder als spezifische Elemente zugeordnet werden. Luhmanns Thesen von der perversen Vertauschung der systemischen Werte und vom Mangel an medizinischen Reflexionstheorien werden nicht geteilt.
Die Medizinsoziologie ist eine Bindestrich-Soziologie im Übergang. Erst in den 1950er/1960er Jahren etabliert, ist sie in Deutschland seit 1970 Teil der vorklinischen medizinischen Ausbildung. Gegenwärtig differenzieren sich Soziologien der Gesundheit, des Körpers sowie des Sterbens und des Todes aus. In dieser Situation setzt der vorliegende Band die Medizinsoziologie als spezielle Soziologie in Beziehung zu allgemeinsozioÝ logischen Theorien und nimmt darüber hinaus mit der Expertisierung der medizinischen Kultur, der Gesundheitssoziologie und der Globalisierung der Medizin neue medizinsoziologische Entwicklungen in den Blick.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.