Background: Glaucoma is second cause of blindness in the world. The financial burden on the patient during long-term treatment is immense and affects the compliance to medications, thus visual morbidity. Objective:To analyse economic impact of three commonly used drug combinations (Dorzolamide + Timolol = DT; Brimonidine + Timolol = BT; Latanoprost+Timolol = LT) in primary open angle glaucoma. Materials and Methods:This observational, prospective study was undertaken at M & J Institute of Ophthalmology, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, a western regional institute of Ophthalmology. A total of 257 patients were included in the study. Only101 patients could complete the 6 month follow-up, of which 35, 34 and 32 patients belonged to DT, BT and LT group respectively. Cost of drug, details of the transportation were noted at every visit. Total cost incurred per patient/eye was calculated. Cost effectiveness was calculated by cost per mm Hg IOP (Intra-Ocular Pressure) reduction.

Liver carries out a variety of physiological functions and protects against damaging drugs and chemicals. Herbs have been shown to play a major role in the management of various liver disorders. Due to the lack of effective liver protective medication in modern medicine, several herbal options for the treatment of liver diseases in Ayurveda are suggested. In this current study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective action of Momordica charantia leaf extract in comparison to Liv-52, a standard hepatoprotective drug. In Wistar rats, hepatotoxicity was induced by administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1ml / kg body weight subcutaneously on alternate days for a week in a suspension of liquid paraffin. Rats were grouped into 5 groups with group I as control, group II - CCl4 treatment only, group III receiving a mixture of Liv-52 orally (5 ml / kg) and CCl4, and group IV and group V receiving Momordica charantia leaf extract administered orally to rats at doses of 100 and 200 mg / kg respectively, together with CCl4 for 1 week.. Indices of liver functions (lipid profile) were evaluated in the serum of the rats. Animals were sacrificed after the study period and liver tissue was isolated for histopathological changes. The mean results for groups I to V for SGOT levels in IU/L were: 53.57 ± 1.19, 167.72 ± 5.57, 54.72 ± 0.83, 69.41 ± 2.35 and 60.72 ± 1.5 respectively; for SGPT in IU/L were 37.00 ± 1.77, 118.16 ± 2.91, 61.41 ± 1.25, 47.92 ± 1.71 and 58.59 ± 1.81 respectively; for ALP in IU/L were 165.44 ± 4.84, 281.33 ± 7.11, 206 ± 6.95, 190.62±5.47 and 188.86 ± 2.5 respectively and for total bilirubin levels in mg/dl were 0.71± 0.66, 1.57 ± 0.1, 0.80 ± 0.20.88 ± 0.02 & 0.77 ± 0.03 respectively. The findings from this study showed a decrease in the liver enzymes and therefore suggests protective activity of Momordica charantia leaf extract against CCl4 induced hepatic toxicity.

Introduction and Objectives: One of the vital nutrients, vitamin D, has a role in fat metabolism and other metabolic processes in addition to its direct impact on calcium and bone metabolism. This study intends to look at how vitamin D intake affects the levels of lipids, glucose, and insulin in rats with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: 24 male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 250 to 300 g, were placed into four groups at random ( n=6). Group 1 served as the control group, while the other three groups were given an i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes and a high-fat diet for three weeks. Then, for the following three weeks, groups III and IV received treatment with vitamin D (400 IU/kg) and Vitamin D + Glimepiride (50 mcg/kg). Results: Vitamin D supplementation was observed to dramatically lower lipid profile, raise insulin, and decrease HbA1c concentration. Additionally, when Vitamin D and Glimepiride were administered together, a substantial decrease in the serum concentrations of blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile was seen (p 0.05).