Purpose of the study: This study investigates the interrelated roles between the ruling elites and informal actors with the emergence of shadow states after the direct election of regional heads in Bengkulu, Indonesia. Methodology: This study employed qualitative methods that use interviews, observations, and documentation techniques to collect data. Data and information obtained are analyzed by employing domains, taxonomic, componential, and cultural theme analysis. This study applied a purposive sampling method to select informants based on criteria that are relevant to the needs of the research. Main Findings: The shadow state was built by four dominant groups, namely political outsider, political directorate, corporate rich, and informal elite. The shadow state was not caused by the weakening or weathering of functions in formal government institutions but rather because of the interrelation between dominant groups working outside legal government structures. Applications of this study: This study will be useful in understanding the phenomenon of the emergence of the shadow states in the local political and democratic system. Besides, it will be useful in searching for the right way to increase the consolidation of politic and democracy in Indonesia Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers a conceptual framework for analyzing the emergence of shadow states in local government after direct elections. This study also provides a comprehensive description related to the process of development of the shadow state as the dark side of decentralization.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola komunikasi antarpribadi yang digunakan olehpara orang tua pada saat pemberian penguatan literasi media kepada anak-anak khususnya parasiswa di PAUD IT Baitul Izzah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, untukmenentukan informan pokok penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Adapun kriteria informan pokok adalah orang tua yang mengikuti kegiatan sosialisasi literasi media dan menerapkannya kepada anak-anaknya, serta siswa dan guru PAUD IT Baitul Izzah sebagai informan tambahan. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara mendalamdan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara yang dilakukan kepada para informan didapatdata bahwa para orang tua tersebut menyampaikan penguatan literasi media dengan caramembujuk