The control of leaf to fruit ratio by the practice of entire clusters removal from the vine upon berry set has been used in traditional vineyards in order to regulate yield and to improve chemical composition of the berries. Although this practice has been settled in temperate zones, little is known about grapevines behavior in tropical growing areas. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biochemical and agronomical responses of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon) grown in Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, a new winegrape region. Grapevines were submitted to cluster thinning (0%, 50% and 75% of cluster removal) and trimming treatments (trimmed and untrimmed) imposed at pea size stage. The source-sink alteration by fruit removal and shoot trimming had impact on yield, leaf sugar metabolism and grape composition. Although there was an improvement in color intensity of the berries with reduction of fruit load, the cluster thinning practice should be avoided in vineyards grown in the south of Minas Gerais State without impairment of wine grape quality. On the other hand, shoot trimming practice should be recommended only for Merlot in order to improve sugar grapes from vines with no cluster removal.
RESUMO -Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade de reduzir as doses de herbicidas na lavoura de arroz irrigad o, com a supressão das plantas dan inhas pela antecipação da entrada da lâmina de água, bem como avaliar o controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em arroz irrigado, o desempenho da cultura e os efeitos dos herbicidas aplic ados em pós-e mergência sob re os atributos fisiológic os da cultu ra de arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas principais foram as entradas de água (A) aos 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas; as subparcelas, os herbicidas (H) bispyribac-sodium e bispyribac-sodium + clomazone; e as subsubparcelas, as doses de bispyribac-sodium (D) de 32, 40 e 48 g ha -1 isoladas e em mistura com 300 g ha -1 de clomazone. O bispyribac-sodium foi eficiente no controle de capim-arroz, com três folhas, quando a entrada de água ocorreu até cinco dias após a aspersão e/ou até o perfilhamento do arroz irrigado, quando em mistura com clomazone. É possível trabalhar com doses inferiores à recomendada de bispyribac-sodium isoladamente, desde que a submersão seja imediata após a aplicação deste, ou até o perfilhamento quando em mistura com clomazone.Palavras-chave: bispyribac-sodium, clomazone, doses, início da irrigação. ABSTRACT -
RESUMO-Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização fitotécnica dos frutos e avaliar o efeito da remoção do tegumento da semente e do uso do GA 3 e do bioestimulante (Stimulate®) sobre a germinação de sementes dos porta-enxertos de citros Flying Dragon e citrumelo Swingle. A caracterização fitotécnica compreendeu a massa do fruto, o diâmetro transversal e longitudinal e a espessura da "casca" e a contagem de sementes viáveis e inviáveis por fruto. Realizou-se um experimento para cada porta-enxerto, em casa de vegetação sob nebulização intermitente, e as avaliações foram a cada 3 dias, após o início do processo germinativo, verificando-se porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. A utilização do GA 3 e a retirada do tegumento em sementes do porta-enxerto Flying Dragon aumentam a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação, e para o porta-enxerto citrumelo Swingle, a retirada do tegumento das sementes aumenta a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação. Termos para indexação: Citricultura, Índice de Velocidade de Germinação, Produção de Mudas. CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUITS AND SEED GERMINATION OF ROOTSTOCK TRIFOLIATA FLYING DRAGON AND CITRUMELO SWINGLEABSTRACT -The objective was phytotechnical characterization of fruits, evaluating the effect of removing the husk of the seed, the influence of GA 3 and growth promoter (Stimulate®) on the germination of seeds of rootstock Flying Dragon and Citrumelo Swingle. The phytotechnical characterization included the weight of the fruit, transverse and longitudinal diameter, thickness of the "peel" and the counting of viable and unviable seeds per fruit. There was an experiment for each rootstock in greenhouse under intermittent mist and the evaluations were every 3 days after the beginning of the germination process, verifying percentage of germination and germination speed. The use of GA 3 and the removal of seed husk of the rootstock Flying Dragon increase the germination percentage and germination speed, and for the rootstock Citrumelo Swingle the removal of the seed husk increased the germination percentage and the germination speed.
Optimization of a protocol for the micropropagation of olive tree cv. Ascolano 315Micropropagation can be a viable technique for the multiplication of olive trees. The objective of this work was to induce multiplication in explants of olive tree. Nodal segments with 2 cm length, without leaves, derived from in vitro plantlets of cultivar Ascolano 315 were excised and inoculated in test tubes. The tubes contained 15 mL of OM (Olive medium) culture medium supplemented with 2 g L -1 of activated charcoal, 4 concentrations of 6-benzilaminopurin (BAP) and 4 concentrations of coconut water and solidified with 5.5 g L -1 of agar. The pH was adjusted to 5.8 before medium sterilization at 121ºC and 1 atm for 20 min. The experimental design was complete randomized in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme. The explants were kept in a growth room 25±1ºC, light intensity of 32 ì mol m -2 s -1 and photoperiod of 16 hours, for 70 days. The culture medium OM added of 1.0 mg L -1 of BAP and 100 mL L -1 of coconut water provided the greatest length and biomass of the aerial part. The largest number of roots was obtained with 0.5 mg L -1 of BAP associated with 25 mL L -1 of coconut water.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial competitivo de biótipos de capim-arroz resistente e suscetível ao quinclorac no ambiente do solo, como forma de inferir qual deles possui maior potencial de extração de recursos. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, constando de diferentes populações de plantas dos biótipos de capimarroz resistente (R) e suscetível (S) ao herbicida quinclorac, oriundos da região arrozeira de Itajaí/SC. Foi estabelecida uma planta do biótipo de capim-arroz considerado como tratamento, no centro da unidade experimental; na periferia, foram semeadas dez sementes do biótipo oposto ao do tratamento central, sendo posteriormente estabelecido o número de plantas de acordo com o tratamento (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ou 5 plantas). O delineamento experimental foi o completamente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com quatro repetições. Aos 40 DAE, foram avaliados o comprimento, volume, massa fresca, massa seca e conteúdo de água das raízes das plantas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e, em caso de significância, efetuou-se o teste de Duncan, para avaliar o efeito do aumento na população de plantas, e o teste da Diferença Mínima Significativa (DMS), para avaliar diferenças entre biótipo resistente e suscetível, além da matriz de correlação. A imposição de competição no ambiente das raízes pode afetar mais o biótipo resistente ao quinclorac que o suscetível, sendo esta característica essencial para a sobrevivência do biótipo, principalmente sob escassez do recurso.Palavras-chave: resistência, Echinochloa, arroz irrigado, ambiente radical.ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the competitive potential of Echinochloa plants resistant and susceptible to quinclorac in the soil, to evaluate whether there are potential differences in extracting nutrients from the soil. The trial was carried out under greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of amounts of Echinochloa plants resistant or susceptible to quinclorac. At the center of the experimental unit one plant was established and considered as the treatment; at the periphery, the number of plants of the opposite biotype was established according to the treatment (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants). The experimental design was completely randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 2 x 6, with four replications. Forty days after emergence, root length, volume, fresh and dry mass and water content were evaluated. Data were analyzed by the F-test at 5% probability, using the DMRT test at 5% probability for the effect of increasing density, and DMS test at 5% probability between biotypes. A correlation matrix was built between the evaluated variables. Root competition in the soil could affect more seriously the resistant biotype than the susceptible one, being this characteristic essential for biotype survival, mainly under low nutrient levels.
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