Fresh defibrinated bovine blood was superior to either haemolysed or freeze-dried defibrinated bovine blood when fed in vitro to female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The presence of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) or other additives did not improve reproductive performance. The flies were able to compensate for considerable dilution of the blood with both serum and saline. Both parental and F t female size affected the weight of the F s puparia produced. The feeding of females on rabbits' ears on one day and in vitro on five days per week prevented any deterioration in performance over successive generations compared with a purely in vitro regime. A colony was established using this technique and results over a 13-month period were compared with those from a colony fed without rabbit supplement and another fed on rabbits only. The reproductive performance of females in the all-membrane fed colony deteriorated from generation to generation, while those in the rabbit supplement colony performed similarly to those of the rabbit-fed colony except that survival was better but fecundity was poorer and the puparia produced were smaller.

Surplus puparia from a colony of about 50 000 females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. provided males for sterilisation and release in an experimental assessment of the sterile insect technique in Tanzania. Excess males were stored late in the puparial stage at 10 ± 1°C for up to four days prior to being irradiated at ambient temperatures in a nitrogen atmosphere with 118 krad in a radioactive caesium ( 137 Cs) source. Puparia chilled at 8 ± 1°C were transported to the field release area twice weekly for manual release. At the release sites, the adults emerged synchronously within 60 min and were automatically marked as they crawled through sand containing fluorescent powder.

Rhizinen als Anhangsorgane yon Laub-und Strauchflechten wurden in der lichenologisehen Literatur seit jeher viel beaehtet und mehrfach in Handbiiehern dargestellt, so bei NIE~Bca~C und D~s ABBAY~S. Ihre Formen, Farben, Verzweigungstypen erwiesen sieh in vielen F/~llen als gattungs-und sogar artspezifiseh konstant und daher auch flit systematisehe Zweeke brauehbar (so artspezifiseh bei Parmelia, Physcia, Umbilicaria und anderen). Ihre Funktion ist vor ahem eine mechanisehe; sie dienen in erster Linie zur Befestigung auf der Unterlage, wozu ihre nieht selten entwiekelten Haftseheiben besonders beitragen.Krnstenfleehten gelten naeh Definition im Gegensatz zu vielen hSher entwiekelten Formen als rhizinenfrei; iiblieherweise wird angegeben, sie seien mit den Hyphen der Markschieht festgewaehsen. Nun sind langst nieht alle Krustenfleehten auf der Unterseite unberindet. Von ginde kSnnen wir dann spreehen, wenn sieh eine definierte Zone teilungs-f~higen diehten Gewebes finder, das als AbsehluB des ~ loekeren Markes im Schnitt deutlieh hervortritt. Die entspreehenden Flechten sind also mit den Hyphen der Unterrinde, oder solehen, die aus ihr entspringen, befestigt. Bei einer ganzen Reihe yon Krustenfleehten aber, die ihrer Gestalt naeh zu den sogenannten placodialen Liehenen gehSren, d.h. Formen, deren beiderseits berindete Thalli bereits sehuppig bis angedeutet bl~ttrig sind, finden sieh den l~hizinen vergleiehbare, von ihnen aber doch wieder versehiedene Organe, die unseres Wissens bisher nur in einigen systematisehen Werken (z. B. bei T~. FRIES, VAr~io, MAG~usso~, POELT) oder in 5kologisehen Darstellungen (VOGEL) als existent angeftihrt, nirgends abet allgemein behandelt wurden. Hinweise auf ihr Vetkommen finden sieh z. B. weder bei NIE~BUaG noeh bei D~s ABBAYES.

A colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. was established in the laboratory in Tanga, Tanzania. After being expanded to the planned level of 60 000 flies, the stabilised colony was used to support a field trial using surplus males that were sterilised and released. The production system consisted of an adaptation of the in vivo rearing techniques developed at the Tsetse Research Laboratory, England. Goats were hosts for 90 % of the production; the balance was fed on rabbits. Techniques were developed to standardise the pupal off-take from stabilised colonies in each of three separate insectary units. Puparia were collected daily and kept separately until 52% emergence had occurred; these emerging flies, mostly females, were used to replenish the stock colony as needed. Further eclosion was prevented by chilling the remaining puparia (mostly males) quickly at 4°C and then storing at 10 ± 1°C for up to four days prior to irradiation and shipment to the field. About 68 % of the males produced were available for sterilisation. During the 15-month period of production in support of the field experiments, 1 3 million puparia were produced; 0 6 million of these puparia were released at a production cost of $220 per thousand.

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