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We studied the effects on 18 serum constituents of posture and prolonged tourniquet application. The subjects were 11 healthy men, ages 20-25 years. The assays were performed on the AutoChemist Multi-Channel Analyzer (AutoChem Instrument AB, Lidingö, Sweden). To compensate for the within-hour variation in these constituents, we drew blood samples at 1100 h and 1130 h on several days. The 1100-h sample was taken after the subjects had been sitting erect for 60 min. The 1130-h sample followed different posture regimens: Control day: sitting for 15 min; experimental days: after (a) being supine for 30 min, (b) standing for 30 min, and (c) sitting erect for 30 min. The 1130-h/ 1100-h ratios for the three experimental days were compared with those for the control day. Significant differences (P <.05) were found for serum potassium, calcium, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and acid phosphatase under condition a; for phosphate ion, total protein, total lipid, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase under condition b; and for aspartate aminotransferase under condition c. The effect of a 3-minute tourniquet application was similarly studied. The ratio of the "prolonged tourniquet application day" differed significantly from the control day with regard to serum potassium, total protein, iron, total lipid, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin. Significance of posture and tourniquet time in blood-sampling and their effect on total intra-individual variation are discussed.

The off-gas composition upon dissolution of different types of non-irradiated nuclear fuels (UC, U 2 C 3 , U0 2 , (U,Pu)C and (U,Pu)0 2 ) in HNOj has been measured and the influence of dissolution parameters such as dissolution temperature, nitric acid molarity, fuel density and composition has been studied.For fast dissolutions less off-gas, especially N0 2 , is produced than for slow ones. No CO could be measured for the carbide dissolutions and NO is the most important constituent in the off-gas. For oxides and sesquicarbides, the N0 2 is the predominant species. Carbides are dissolved much faster than oxides and they don't leave any residue, but the solution stays dark and a slight N0 2 and C0 2 evolution continues after the dissolution is complete. This can be ascribed to the destruction of the organic compounds (mellitic acid, oxalic acid etc.) formed during dissolution.A nitric acid concentration of 6 Μ and temperatures of 80 -90 °C are optimum conditions to dissolve fuel materials in a reasonable time with a low nitrogen oxide content in the ofT-gas. The activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius plot was found to be 43.5 kJ/mol for UC. For U0 2 two values for activation energy were found, 64.1 kJ/mol if the fuel pellets are pressed from U 3 0 8 powder and 54.8 kJ/mol if the pellets are made from U0 2 powder.

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A previous report of within-day variation of serum constituents was based on values in healthy subjects who did not undergo strenuous exercise and who were in a fasting state. In this study we consider the effects of exercise and of a noon meal on the same serum constituents. The statistical significance (t-test) was computed on the basis of the ratios of values (after/before) on the day of exercise vs. the ratios on the nonexercise day, or, for the effect of meal, the ratios of values (after/before the noon meal) on the eating day vs. the ratios of values taken at the same hour on the fasting day. Significant effects seen after exercise (P <.05) included: potassium, phosphate, creatinine, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and alanine aminotransferase. After the noon meal, significant (P <.05) changes were seen for: sodium, phosphate, uric acid, iron, total lipids, alkaline phosphatase (phenyl phosphate substrate), and lactate dehydrogenase. The effects of eating on serum constituents are separated into (a) physiological factors and (b) methodological considerations.