Our results presented here indicate that HULC expression is not confined to HCC, but also to those colorectal carcinomas that metastasize to the liver.

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In the present study, the chemical structure of thermoresponsive copper-doped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thin films was investigated. The polymer thin films were deposited by spin-coating from a solution containing the polymer on silicon windows. Spin-coating was carried out at certain conditions yielding films of nanometric-scale thickness (170-250 mn). Thermal transitions such as low critical solution temperature (LCST) and glass transition temperature (T g ) of polymer samples with respect to copper concentrations were studied by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Thermograms show that thermal transitions shift to higher temperatures after doping polymer with Cu þ2 . Heat capacity (Cp, J/g. C) also increases as the concentration of Cu þ2 increases. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of pure poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) film exhibits several characteristic stretching bands attributed to V as (NH), amide I (C¼O), and amide II (C-N) respectively. The infrared spectrum of the corresponding Cu þ2 -doped polymer thin films showed a significant shift in the characteristic bands compared to that of pure polymer, indicating a strong interaction between Cu þ2 and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The UV-visible spectrum of Cu þ2 -doped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) shows the creation of a new band positions at 276 nm and 278 nm. These bands are absent in the pure polymer spectrum, indicating a complex formation between Cu þ2 and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Coil to swollen aggregate formation was investigated by using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Addition of copper ions to the polymer shows a clear change in the morphology of the polymer thin films compared to the morphology of pure poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) prepared with water as solvent, resulting in clusters that approach single nanoparticle behavior.

Diarylnitroxyl radicals and their reduction products, the diaryl hydroxylamines are effective anti-fatigue agents for rubber, confirming the previously proposed mechanism of action of the diaryamincs. The nitroxyls are reduced by sulfur species formed during the vulcanization reaction to a mixture of hydroxylamines and parent amines, and these species act as reservoirs for the nitroxyl radical during fatiguing. Removal of the reservoir of reduced species by solvent extraction removes the antifatigue activity.