Five experiments with 18 to 36 male calves each of the black and white dairy cattle breed (age: 14-21 days, initial live weight: approximately 45 kg per animal) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of various vitamin A supply (0-80,000 IU per 100 kg LW and day) on dry matter intake and weight gain as well as the vitamin A status of liver and blood plasma over 84 days. The calves consumed a diet free of carotene and vitamin A consisting of milk replacer, concentrate and chopped wheat straw. The calves were fed in three experiments for a longer time in order to observe the further vitamin A depletion. Nine animals consumed an unsupplemented ration, nine other one got 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day. Biopsies of liver and plasma samples were taken from 4 animals per group every four weeks. The various vitamin A supplementation did not significantly influence the dry matter intake (Mean: 1.67; 1.48 to 1.80 kg DM per animal and day) and the weight gain of calves (Mean: 702, 599 to 770 g per animal and day). First vitamin A deficiency symptoms (reduced feed intake, decreased weight gain, diarrhoea etc.) were observed in animals of unsupplemented group after 100 days of experiments. After 84 days the vitamin A concentration of liver of animals of unsupplemented groups decreased to 1.3-32.2% compared with the begin of experiments (60.6-155.7 mumol/kg fresh matter). Up to 51% of initial concentration were found when 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day were fed. About 25,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day were required in order to keep the initial level of vitamin A concentration of liver. The plasma vitamin A concentration is unsuitable for estimation of vitamin A status of calves. The concentration of vitamin A of liver and plasma amounted to 114 mumol per kg and 0.25 mumol per litre at the begin of experiments. The vitamin A concentration of liver of unsupplemented group decreased to 20 mumol per kg, that of plasma increased to 0.28 mumol per 1 at the end. A strong vitamin A deficiency (liver concentration: less than 10 mumol/kg) may cause a decrease of vitamin A concentration of blood.
3 feeding trials were carried out in which dried and decanted solids from pig faeces were used in varying proportions. A total of 55 fattening bulls were slaughtered at the end of the trial period. Additionally, a number of characteristic data on ruminal physiology were determined in these trials. The molar proportions of acetate and propionate found with the feeding of rations containing faecal solids were intermediate between those observed in concentrate feeding and those established with the feeding of commercial food pellets containing 40% or 50% straw. Slight increases in the molar proportion of butyrate were noticed when rations were fed containing faecal solids. Nonfasted animals fed rations containing a higher proportion of coarse fodder had a significantly lower slauglitered bady mass (0; 50% straw; 25% straw + 25% faecal solids; 50% faecal solids: 55.7%; 51.9%; 51.1%; or 52.2% of the final fattening weight). They developed a lower proportion of flesh and contained a higher proportion of digesta in the stomach and intestines (11.4%; 18.4%; 17.0%; or 16.3% of the final fattening weight). The proportion of fat contained in the stomach & bowels decreased with the feeding of straw or faecal solids. Other organs and tissues were not affected by the different types of feeding used. An analysis of the results of slaughtering showed that the feeding of faecal solids did not produce any specific effect.
Flachowsky, G., Richter, G. H. and Lohnert, H.J. 1995. Composition and in sacco degradability of variously treated pig slurry solids before and after anaerobic digestion. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 7 : 161-168.The fresh and digested pig slurry was separated into a solid and liquid phase by centrifugation. The solids of the slurry (fresh and digested) were treated with urea andlor NaOH and used for the estimation of chemical composition and dry matter degradability (DMD). Anaerobic digestion did not significantly influence chemical composition except iron content. The DMD of anaerobicallydigested solids was significantly lower (34.8%) than that of the influent material (48%). Chemical treatment of solids from the influent increased DMD from 48.0 to 54.5 (2% urea), 60.2 (2% NaOH) and 62.0% (2% urea and NaOH each); DMD of effluent was increased from 34.8 to 46.4, 49.4 and 51.3%, respectively. Pig slurry solids from the effluent of anaerobic digesters contain low energy for ruminants and should primarily be used as manure.
Zusammenfassung In einem Einzelfütterungsversuch erhielten 60 männliche Kälber der Rasse Schwarzbuntes Milchrind (Alter zu Versuchsbeginn: 25 Tage; Anfangslebendmasse: 51,7 ± 5,0 kg) Rationen, bestehend aus auf gefetteter Magermilch sowie unterschiedliche Mengen von Luzernetrockengrün und Kraftfutter, die Tageszunahmen von 400, 600 bzw. 800 g (Fütterungsniveaus A, B und C) bei je 20 Tieren gestatten sollten. Nach 136 Tagen wurden vier Kälber jeder Gruppe versuchsmäßig ausgeschlachtet, zerlegt und der Protein‐, Fett‐ und Energiegehalt im Schlachtkörper sowie der Stoff‐ und Energieansatz ermittelt. Die anderen Tiere wurden weiter gefüttert, um den Einfluß der Futterrestriktion auf die Wachstumskompensation zu ermitteln. Im Versuchsmittel verzehrten die Kälber der drei Gruppen 1,51; 2,04 bzw. 2,97 kg T/Tag, die Lebendmassezunahmen stiegen von 459 über 646 auf 829 g/Tag für die Gruppen A, B bzw. C an. Die höheren Zunahmen bewirkten höhere Schlachtkörper‐ und Zweihälftenmassen (p < 0,05), die relativen Anteile an der Lebendmasse stiegen nur unwesentlich an (p > 0,05). Die zunehmende Fütterungsintensität führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Innenfettmenge (0,92; 1,79 bzw. 3,00 kg/Tier), des Fett‐ (51,9; 62,0 bzw. 85,0 g) und Energiegehaltes im Schlachttierleerkörper (6,14; 6,40 bzw. 7,42 MJ/kg Frischmasse) sowie des täglichen Fett‐ (20,4; 31,8 bzw. 58,5 g) und Energieansatzes (2,42; 3,48 bzw. 5,10 MJ für die Gruppen A, B bzw. C). Der Proteingehalt im Schlachtkörper blieb von der Fütterung unbeeinflußt (181,9; 176,2 bzw. 181,2 g/kg Frischmasse; p > 0,05), der Proteinansatz stieg infolge der höheren Zunahmen signifikant an (71,6; 98,9 bzw. 124,7g/Tag für die Gruppen A, B bzw. C; p < 0,05).
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