A B S T R A C TThis work aimed to study quail susceptibility to Newcastle disease virus (NDV); their role in disease transmission and their immune response to ND vaccine. Forty percent (4/10) of quail were susceptible to experimental infection with virulent NDV with signs of loss of appetite, weakness, diarrhea and nervous symptoms then death. Chickens group housed in contact with infected quail and chickens group experimentally infected with NDV were suffering from typical NDV infection 15 days post contact infection and 3 days post experimental infection, respectively. Post mortem examination of dead birds revealed hemorrhagic lesions of the intestinal tracts and proventriculus; and NDV was recovered from tracheal and intestinal samples and identified by HI test using NDV-Specific antiserum. Birds vaccinated with inactivated NDV vaccine exhibited detectable antibody titers (2 log2) by the 1st week post vaccination (WPV) to reach their peaks by the 3rd WPV (6 log2 in quails and 7 log2 in chickens). These antibody titers were able to protect quail and chickens against challenge with virulent NDV recording 100% protection rates in comparison to non-vaccinated birds showing 70% and 100% mortality in quails and chickens, respectively. Being susceptible for NDV, quail have a role in transmission of NDV to chickens, so they should be vaccinated for their protection and prevent their role in NDV transmission to chickens.

This study was designed to provide a rapid highly protective passive immunization of chickens against necrotic enteritis (NE). This aim was established by preparation of NE alpha toxin IgY in chicken egg yolk, such preparation was found to have specific anti NE alpha toxin titer 40 I.U by SNT and 0.237 optical density (OD) by ELISA. It was found that oral administration of 40, 20, 10 and 5 IU/ml of IgY / poult after experimental infection with Clostridium perfringens type A, resulted in protective rates of 96%, 88%, 80% and 60% respectively. Chickens' sera of passively immunized birds showed antibody titers of 1, 2 and 1.5 I U in the first, second and third days' post immunization respectively. It was concluded that IgY for NE alpha toxin type A could be used successfully to protect or even minimize the severity of the disease during possible outbreaks.

C anine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus protected by a capsid, which is responsible for the antigenic properties, host range, tissue tropism and hemagglutination activity of the virus (Tsao et al., 1991).CPV-2 suddenly emerged in 1978, most likely as a variant of another parvovirus hosted by wild red foxes (Truyen et al., 1998). CPV-2 evolved into three antigenic variants termed CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c during the years

Aiming to raise the levels of immunity induced in dogs by the cell culture inactivated rabies vaccine, bee venom BV was subjected to investigate its immune stimulant effect in vaccinated dogs. It was found that a dose of 1mg of BV/ dog did not cause any post inoculation reaction showing its safety. Mutual vaccination of dogs with BV inoculation was carried out in different groups of susceptible dogs of about 3-5 months' age. Monitoring of the exhibited rabies antibodies in vaccinated dogs using serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) revealed that BV induced the highest levels of antibodies (128 by SNT and 7 log2 and 6 log2 by ELISA) when inoculated before and simultaneously with rabies vaccine. Rabies vaccine alone or before inoculation of BV induced lower titers of antibodies (32&64 and 5 & 6log2 by SNT and ELISA respectively) by the 4 th week post vaccination. However, BV could be used to initiate the immune response of dogs to rabies vaccine.