RÉSUMÉLe technétium 99 est un produit de fission à vie longue, dont la production au cours de la combustion de l'uranium enrichi n'est pas à négliger. Des études concernant la gestion de ce déchet ont été mises en place au CEA. Celies-ci vont entraîner une exposition potentielle du personnel de recherche. Il était donc nécessaire de disposer d'une surveillance radiotoxicologique adaptée. La méthode proposée permet une détection précoce de 99Tc dans les urines par scintillation liquide, en sachant que 10 % de la contamination par inhalation se retrouve dans les urines dès les 48 premières heures après l'incorporation.Cette méthode est rapide (1 heure) et relativement sensible (limite de détection a 0,06 Bq ml-', ce qui correspond à une incorporation par inhalation égale à 8,4 x 10-5 LAI soit 1,7 x 103 Bq de V c ) . ABSTRACTMethod of Technecium 99 determination in urine through liquid scintillation. Technetiuh 99 is a long-life fission product; when enriched uranium is burnt, its amount is rather small but cannot be overlooked. Studies about reprocessing of this waste are being carried out by the CEA. They will lead to possible exposure to 99Tc of research workers. So it seems necessary to develop a close radiotoxicological watch suited to the situation. The proposed method enables an early detection of 99Tc in urine through liquid scintillation, owing to the fact that 10% of the contamination by inhalation is found in the 48 first hours urine after intake. This method is quick (60 min) and rather sensitive (detection is possible from 0.06 Bq ml-', that corresponds to an incorporation of 8.4 x 10-5 LAI or 1.7 x 103 Bq of q c ) .
RÉSUMÉLe traitement d'urgence des contaminations respiratoires par le plutonium et les transuraniens s'appuie sur l'emploi précoce d'un chélateur, le Na,CaDTPA sous fonne trisodique. L'administration locale du principe actif s'effectue au moyen d'un appareil, le Spinhaler@, qui délivre le principe actif sous forme micronisée sans gaz propulseur. Les études menées par la pharmacie centrale des armées qui produit ce traitement ont conduit à la modification de la forme galénique du Na,CaDTPA administrée pour en améliorer la diffusion intrapulmonaire. Ce traitement, sans effet secondaire, est pratiqué sur simple présomption de contamination pulmonaire. La facilité d'emploi en autorise l'utilisation précoce à un grand nombre de victimes suspectes de radiocontamination. II ne saurait, néanmoins, se substituer aux autres formes de traitement, notamment intraveineuses, prescrites par des médecins en cas de contamination avérée.ABSTRACT Emergency treatment of pulmonary contaminations hy transuranium elements.A new galenic form of Na,CaDTPA. The emergency treatment of pulmonary contamination hy plutonium and transuranium elements needs the early use of a chelator, the Na,CaDTPA under monocalcic tnsodic form. The local administration of the active principle is carried out by an appliance, the Spinhaler@, which delivers the active principle under micronised form without any propelled gas. The French Military Health Service is the manufacturer which produces this treatment and has studied a modication of the galenic form of N%CaDTPA to improve the intrapulmonary distribution. This treatment, without any secondary effect, is pro@ even for a presumed pulmonary contamination. Its easy use allows an early administration for a large numher of people supposed to be contaminated. However, it cannot take the place of the other forms of treatment, especially intraveinous, which needs a medical prescription in case of an established contamination. Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.edpsciences.org/radiopro Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.edpsciences.org/radiopro H. TYMEN et ul.
Although skin contamination by radionuclides is the most common cause of nuclear workers accidents, few studies dealing with the penetration of radioactive contamination through the skin are available. This work is a review of experimental methods that allow to assess transfer of radionuclides through the skin in occupational conditions, with or without skin trauma. The first section describes the different methods applied for skin transfer assessment of chemicals used in pharmacology. Major radionuclide contamination accidents can be associated with skin traumas. Thus, the second section describes the adaptation of these methods to radiotoxicology. Finally, the third section is an in vivo investigation of cobalt transfer (57CoCl2) through undamaged and damaged skin which simulates different industrial accident conditions (excoriation, acid or alcalin burn, scalding, branding).
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