Literature reviews of reports concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes of Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq till the end of December 2018 showed that a total of 43 parasite species are so far known from 13 valid fish species investigated for parasitic infections. The parasitic fauna included one euglenozoan, two myzozoans, six ciliophorans, three myxozoans, three trematodes, nine monogeneans, four cestodes, six nematodes, three acanthocephalans and six crustaceans. The infection with the trematodes, one monogenean, two cestodes and one nematode occurred with larval stages, while the remaining infections were either with trophozoites or adult parasites. Among the inspected fishes, Carasobarbus luteus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (20 parasite species), followed by Planiliza abu (17 species) and Cyprinus carpio (16 species) while two fish species (Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were infected with the minimum number of parasite species (three parasite species each). The ciliophoran Trichodina domerguei and the crustacean Lernaea cyprinacea were the commonest parasite species as they were reported from nine fish species each, followed by the monogenean Dactylogyrus extensus and the nematode Contracaecum sp. which were reported from eight and six host species, respectively, while the minimum number of one host species was reported for 22 parasite species.

The present study has been conducted in four parts of AL-Qadisiyah (Al-Diwaniyah center, Shamiya, Hamza and Afak). A sample of 945 fish of Barbus grypus and Liza abu has been examined. It was found that 205 of the Barbus grypus fish and 344 of the Liza abu were infected with parasitic intestinal worms. Some parasitic intestinal worms have been detected such as the Neoechinorynchus iraqensis in both fish types. The female paulisentus, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were found in both Barbus grypus, Liza abu and the larva of Contracaecum spp was seen in the Liza abu and Barbus grypus type. Four heavy metals were measured. They included Cadmium, Lead, Zinc ,Nickel, by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer issues from the a fore mentioned types of fish were measured for these heavy metals these tissues were from the liver, muscles, gills, from four districts of Al-Diwaniyah throughout the year, Cadmium registered high concentrations in autumn (12.67) Mg/ gm in the liver of the Barbus grypus. Lower concentrations of Cadmium were registered in winter (1.30) Mg/ gm in the liver of Liza abu. The Barbus grypus livers had high concentrations of lead in autumn (21.03) Mg/ gm in Hamza rivers, whereas gills of the Liza abu registered lower concentrations (6.43) Mg/gm in spring. The livers of the Barbus grypus registered high concentrations of zine in autumn which where (32.27)Mg/ gm in Hamza river while Shamiya river they dropped to 21.17 Mg/ gm in spring, It was observed that Nickel had high concentrations in the livers, muscles, gills, of both fish types, The highest of which was in autumn, the Hamza river had the highest concentrations in autumn which were (29.17,28.63,27.67) Mg/g in Barbus grypus , in spring the nickel concentrations were low in the gills of the Liza abu11.10 Mg/ gm in Shamiya river

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Introduction: Echinococcosis and hydatidosis caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus are among the most important zoonotic diseases in the world. This study aims to study the ultrastructure of fertile hydatid cysts that infect humans using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Twenty samples of human fertile hydatid cysts were collected from the human liver and lung after performing surgery operations and examined with an SEM. Results: The results of the electron microscopy with different magnifications revealed that the laminated layer (LL) consists of sheets that appeared more compact and aligned. The brood capsules appeared, consisting of a net of finger-shaped structures that emerged from bulges of various sizes and shapes. Conclusion: Under a transmission electron microscope, it was found that the LL had a coherent and flexible structure, settling on a three-dimensional microscopic network of hydrophilic fibers, with high humidity. These fibers were arranged irregularly and had a diameter of about 10 nm; therefore, the fibers adjacent to the germinal layer (GL) were possibly attached to microtriches of tegument, which reached a thickness of 1 mm in the LL.