A multi-centred study was designed to collect dengue epidemiologic data from government and registered private hospitals/clinics and maintained archive of frozen specimens in bio-bank to be used for future dengue epidemic control program, and assess the epidemiology of dengue fever (DF) by evaluating biochemical and oxidative status of patients. ELISA IgM antibodies test was done to confirm DF. From August 2010 to December 2011, 101 confirmed blood samples of DF patients referred to pathology lab of Jinnah Hospital Lahore were subjected to the epidemiologic assessment by evaluating the biochemical and physiological indices and alterations of circulating antioxidants. Clinical features of DF patients and effect of fever on blood components and serum proteins of liver were recorded. The hospital stay in DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) showed significant difference. Significant increases in serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) (P=0.000), aspartate amino transferase (AST) (P=0.000), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P=0.000), malondialdehyde (MDA) along with significant decreases in total protein (TP) (P=0.000), reduced glutathione (GSH) (P=0.000), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) (P=0.000), and sialic acid contents (P=0.016) were observed. A positive correlation existed between bound sialic acid levels, liver enzymes and circulating antioxidants (r=0.656, P=0.016). In the present study, alterations of circulating antioxidants in DF suggest that DF might be a metabolic response to an acute, self-limiting tropical viral infection, and a consequence of the viral inflammatory process.

Objective: To assess the antibacterial goods of unrefined solvent methanol concentrate of Calligonum polygonoids, Asphadalous tenuiflous, Pulicaria crispa, and Fagonia cretica against a few human microorganisms. Method: Unrefined methanol concentrates of, Calligonum polygonoids, Asphadalous tenuiflous, Pulicaria crispa and Fagonia cretica at grouping of 500, 250 and 100µg/ml were considered in contrast to Gram-positive Staphylococcus carnosus and Gram -ve K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, E. coli and P. aurogenosa by utilizing circle dissemination strategy. Ciprofloxacin (5µg/ml) was utilized as a kind of perspective medication. Results: The concentrates of all plants showed expansive range antibacterial exercises in a portion subordinate way. The most noteworthy inhibitory area was seen from methanol concentrate of Fagonia cretica against Klebsiella pneumoniae (19mm), S. carnosus (19mm), E. coli (18.67mm) and S. typhi (14mm); Calligonum polygonoids showed against E. coli (15mm), S. typhi (16milimeter) and P. aurogenosa (16milimeter); Pulicaria crispa displayed against K. pneumoniae (19milimeter), E. coli (17milimeter) S. typhi (18milimeter), S. carnosus (19milileter) and P. aurogenosa (16milimeter) while Asphadalous tenuiflous displayed against K. pneumoniae (15milimeter), and E. coli (15milimeter) S. typhi (14.33milimeter), S. carnosus (13.67milimeter) and P. aurogenosa (13.67milimeter). Conclusion: These restorative plants have strong antibacterial action and might be the new hotspot for novel antibacterial compound disclosure for the treatment of medications safe human microorganisms.

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Proteins are the second most essential macromolecules after nucleic acids. This article aimed at the comparative analysis of extraction methods and nutritional benefits of milk and dairy products. Proteins form the body mass and perform several crucial tasks that include acting as a catalyst and carrying out different metabolic reactions in the body. Furthermore, protein acts as a transporter, transmits nerve impulses, provides mechanical support or immune protection, and controls growth. Several sources of proteins are present, but milk holds an important place due to its biological activities. The considerable health benefits of milk and its products are due to proteins. Yoghurt and cheese have significant importance among milk products. Proteins of milk and its products can be extracted by pH adjustment through homogenisation, centrifugation, and deproteinisation. There are several techniques for identifying and quantifying milk and product proteins. The Kjeldahl and spectrophotometric methods are the most widely used methods for quantifying proteins in milk and its products. Furthermore, these techniques include electrophoresis and chromatographic methods, including native gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), urea-PAGE, capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. A few are chromatographic methods like reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Each technique has its advantages as well as disadvantages. The selection of the process depends upon the type of protein. The extracted proteins from milk and its products have many health or therapeutic effects that exhibit antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Yoghurt has prime importance among milk products because of its therapeutic effects and more protein.

Background: Hepatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the liver and liver is considered as vital organ of the body. Hepatitis C virus affects 3% of the world population in which 170 million people are affected chronically and 3 to 4 million affected per year. Interferon-alpha is a cytokine, which is produced by white blood cells and T lymphocytes. Destructive thyroiditis in patients receiving interferon-α therapy is analyzed based on negative TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) and low thyroid radioactive iodine uptake. Methodology: Fifty-Five patients of Hepatitis C and Twenty-five age and sex-matched clinically apparently healthy individuals were eligible for inclusion in the study at Jinnah Hospital Lahore. 5.0 ml blood samples were taken and subjected to centrifuge at 3000-4000 rpm for 10-15 minutes for the separation of serum. The estimation of AST, ALT and ALP, FT3, Total Protein (TP), Total bilirubin (TB) and MDA were estimated. Results: FT3 level in HCV patients was elevated remarkably (16.63±7.14) as compared to control (4.25±0.72) and statistically significant (p-value <0.05). MDA level was also increased in HCV patients (8.58±1.19) as compared to healthy persons (1.47±0.54) and statistically significant (p-value <0.05). The level of total protein (TP) in HCV patients was decreased (4.20±0.61) as compared to healthy individuals (6.23±0.51) and also statistically significant (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Present study concluded that HCV patients treated with interferon therapy have remarkably elevated lipid peroxidation rate which caused high level of MDA and FT3 level also elevated and play significant role in HCV patients which is causative agent for the progression of the disease.