Background: The 21st century is thought to need these gadgets. They are employed in households, as well as in recreational settings and educational organizations, in addition to workplaces and businesses. The term "video display terminal" is used to refer to a computer screen (VDT). It includes computers, tablets, e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic gadgets. According to estimates, 45 million employees use computers directly by gazing at VDTs nonstop for long periods. Aim: The goal of this study was to count how many CMT (college of Medical Technology) students have computer vision syndrome and to identify the risk factors that go along with it. Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 198 CMT students at Pakistan institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from 1st April 2022, to 30th September, 2022. The research covered all students between the ages of 17 and 25 who had used a computer in the month before the programs start date. Those students who were using eye medications, those with underlying systemic conditions like diabetes or hypertension, those with pre-existing eye problems, and those who did not provide informed written permission were excluded from the study. To demonstrate relationships between categorical data, the chi-square test was performed. The SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Results: Age of 20.16 ± 3.81 years on average. Out of 198 respondents, 133 (67.2%) said they had at least one of the following symptoms of computer vision syndrome: headache, eye tiredness, burning, eye irritation, neck discomfort, and shoulder pain. Computer users' eye complaints included eye irritability (48%), burning (33%), and eye weariness (15%). Extraocular symptoms range from headaches (38%) to neck and shoulder discomfort (21.8%). Computer use time (240 minutes/four hours) was substantially correlated with eye tiredness and headache. Practical Implication: The benefit of this study is to identify the risk variables linked with computer vision syndrome and its incidence among undergraduate medical students. It will aid in raising public awareness of the health risks associated with computers and other digital electronic devices, as well as assisting public health experts and other stakeholders in taking action to address this public health problem Conclusions: The ailment known as "Computer Vision Syndrome" affects a lot of young students who use computer regularly Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, Risk, Prevention, households, irritability, pain, eye tiredness, .

Purpose: To measure angle of anterior chamber with Gonioscopy and compare with anterior segment OCT. Study Design:  Descriptive observational study. Place and Duration of Study:  This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Pakistan institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from 1st March 2021 to 31st August 2021. Methods:  A total number of 102 patients participated in the study. Study included participants older than 30 years of age, of either gender, who were either diagnosed as a case of angle closure-Glaucoma or were angle closure-Glaucoma suspect. Sampling was done using convenient sampling technique. The selected patients underwent gonioscopy and the anterior segment OCT and the grades of the angle were determined. Grading was compared between the two techniques. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 23 version. Result:  The mean age of patients was 59.16 ± 6.03 years. Out of 102 patients, 34 (33.3%) patients were male and 63 (66.7%) patients were female. The mean intraocular pressure was 17.80 ± 4.25 (mmHg). The accuracy of angle closure detection by Gonioscopy was 35.3% and by anterior segment, OCT was 60.8%. The p value was significant in both the groups. The Anterior segment OCT turned out to be better than Gonioscopy. Conclusion:  Anterior segment OCT is more efficient in determination of angle of anterior chamber than gonioscopy. Using anterior segment OCT to examine anterior chamber angle and surrounding tissues helps in diagnosing early stages of disease and directing therapy.

Background: Intravitreal injection is most popular universal intraocular procedure. it is important to consider the discomfort related with this procedure in order to ensure patient compliance and safety.Objective: To compare the pain in different quadrants correlated to intrvitreal bevacizumab injection. Material and Methods: Randomized controlled trial of four months was done In-patient Ophthalmology department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad between May-2020 to Sep-2020.In this study 120 patients were included (30 patients in each group) to measure the extent of pain while receiving an intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Sample size was calculated by WHO sample size calculator with 5% Level of significance, 80% Power of test.The data analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: The results of pain score in our study showed that the mean pain score of the patients in Group A Superonasal Quadrant was 1.50 ± 0.51, in Group B Superotemporal Quadrant was 4.00 ± 0.91, in Group C Inferonasal Quadrant was 2.70 ± 0.84 and in Group D Inferotemporal Quadrant was 2.87 ± 0.78. The results of p value showed significant difference in pain score in groups. The Pain score is less in Group A Superonasal Quadrant as 1.50 ± 0.51 and more in Group B Superotemporal Quadrant as 4.00 ± 0.91. Conclusion: Superonasal Quadrant (SN Quadrant) was the less pain site as compared to others site i.e. Superotemporal Quadrant (ST quadrant), Inferonasal Quadrant (IN Quadrant) and Inferotemporal Quadrant (IT Quadrant). The most pain full site was Superotemporal Quadrant (ST quadrant).

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out how common retinopathy is in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional research included 100 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes patients who attended the diabetic health center at Federal Govt. Polyclinic, postgraduate medical institute, Islamabad from 1st March 2022 to 31st July 2022. The research precluded those who had type-1 diabetes, high blood pressure, retinal artery obstruction, retinal venous obstruction, renal glomerulonephritis, or hemoglobinopathies retinopathy. Following pupillary dilation with Mydriacyl, a comprehensive fundoscopic examination had been performed, and retinopathy was classified as Mild to Moderate non proliferative (mild to moderate NPDR), severe non proliferative (severe NPDR), or proliferative (PDR). Results: The respondents' average age had been 47 years, with 65% men and 35% women. At the onset of the disease, 9% of patients had been diagnosed to have retinopathy. The demographic and clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients are shown in Table. In the univariate analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the characteristics of patients who had retinopathy compared to those who did not have it. Patients with retinopathy were older in age, had a higher prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption, and had much higher levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, BMI and serum creatinine, compared to patients with no retinopathy (Table). The prevalence of retinopathy was much higher in the categories of patients with higher levels of HbA1c and BMI, compared to those with lower levels. Practical implication: The prevalence of retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was found to be relatively high in this study. This underlines the importance of detailed ophthalmic examination of all patients at the time of diagnosis Conclusion: The said research reveals a greater incidence of retinopathy in recently diagnosed people with type 2 diabetes. This highlights the significance of performing a thorough ophthalmic examination on all diabetic individuals at the time of assessment. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus. , Retinopathy, And Retinal Hemorrhages, Fundoscopic, Prevalent,

Objectives: To determine the incidence of sleep disturbances, including insomnia in healthcare professionals dealing with COVID-19 patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at inpatient infectious disease units, emergency department and ICU (for COVID-19 patients), at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) from February 2022 to April 2022. All the individuals participating in the study were healthcare professionals. Insomnia Severity Index was used for the questionnaire. The scores of the surveyed subjects were calculated and the characteristic demographics of the subjects were analyzed. Results: An upward trend in the incidence of poor sleep quality was noted among the healthcare professionals who participated in this study. Out of 160 healthcare professionals, 93(58.1%) of the population was females, while 67(41.9%) were males. The majority of participants (p<0.05) were between the ages of 20 and 30 years, followed by 31 to 40 years and 41 to 50 years. A significant proportion of the population (p<0.05) belonged to the unmarried group, followed by the married, separated, and divorced with a percentage of 60.6, 36.2, 2.5 and 0.6%, respectively. Moreover, 84.4% (135/160) of healthcare professionals (p<0.05) had a previous history of sleep disorders. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score system was used to analyze the intensity of sleep disorders and insomnia in the affected persons and it was found that most of the participants were diagnosed with subthreshold insomnia (38.8%). Conclusion: The study elucidated that there was a significantly higher incidence of sleep disturbances and insomnia, in healthcare professionals working in Covid-19 care units.