Iron was used as the catalyst for the direct C-H functionalization/C-S bond formation under mild conditions. Various substrates could afford benzothiazoles in moderate to excellent yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that pyridine played a crucial role for the high yields and selectivities.

Two different organometallic reagents now can cross-couple together with the oxidative cross-coupling strategy. Palladium catalyzed oxidative cross-couplings of alkylzinc and alkynylstannane reagents using desyl chloride as the oxidant have been explored, which produce the desired Csp-Csp3 cross-coupling product in surprisingly high selectivity and yields. The current catalytic system tolerates the presence of beta-H, and the reactions using long chain alkyl zinc reagents gave the cross-coupling product in excellent yields and selectivities.

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Vaccinia Tian Tan (VTT) was used as a vaccine against smallpox in China for millions of people before 1980, yet the biological characteristics of the virus remain unclear. We have characterized VTT with respect to its host cell range, growth properties in vitro, and virulence in vivo. We found that 11 of the 12 mammalian cell lines studied are permissive to VTT infection whereas one, CHO-K1, is non-permissive. Using electron microscopy and sequence analysis, we found that the restriction of VTT replication in CHO-K1 is at a step before viral maturation probably due to the loss of the V025 gene. Moreover, VTT is significantly less virulent than vaccinia WR but remains neurovirulent in mice and causes significant body weight loss after intranasal inoculation. Our data demonstrate the need for further attenuation of VTT to serve either as a safer smallpox vaccine or as a live vaccine vector for other pathogens.

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