The purpose of the study is to determine the key ways of developing a pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services. The object of research is pedagogical culture. The importance of studying the problems of the development of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services is proved. The main focus is on training future banking professionals. The main objective of the article is to model the stages of the development of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services. The basis of the methodology is modelling methods. Thus, the proposed multi-stage functional model of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services should be considered a novelty. Presented own representation of the main stages of development of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services. In the final case, it was found that the key stage in the development of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services is the expansion of practical aspects. It has been determined that one of the best methods for the development of pedagogical culture in the preparation of a future specialist in banking services can be the involvement of banking institutions in the educational process to expand the cultural aspects of pedagogy. The limitations of the study are that it does not take into account all aspects of pedagogical culture.

Problem setting. In the conditions of constant industrialization, economic fluctuations, continuous uncertainty during the war, the labour rights of the employee are left aside, since the employer often neglects the labour force and forgets about the humane and valuable attitude towards the employee in search of the financial success of his/her company. The psychological state of an employee remains a particularly sensitive area as it is influenced by possible constant harassment or bullying by the employer or colleagues. After all, the effective performance of the labour duties by employees of any sphere, as well as labour productivity directly depends on the psychological climate in the team and the attitude of management. Therefore, the study of the mobbing issue today shall be extremely important and relevant for all categories of employees, including public officials, who, among their fundamental rights, have the right to respect for their personality, honour and dignity, the right to a fair and respectful attitude from the management or colleagues and the right to adequate remuneration for their work. Recent research and publications analysis. Numerous works of scientists in the field of labour law of Ukraine are devoted to issues of labour protection of employees, namely: E. V. Babenko, N. B. Bolotina, V. Ya. Buriak, P. D. Pylypenko, L. Yu. Prohoniuk, H. I. Cha- nysheva et. al. However, there are many works devoted to the labour rights of public officials, since the activities of public officials, in addition to special legislation, shall be also governed by the norms of labour legislation, and public officials may also be subjected to bullying and harassment. These issues were relevantly considered in the works of L. V. Apa- naskovych, A. Yu. Babii, L. Yu. Velychko, V. V. Myrhorod-Karpova, M. V. Panchenko, V. Parpan et al. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Since the term “mobbing” at the legislative level was introduced in Ukraine only at the end of 2022, so far, its manifestations, signs, types, methods of prevention and types of liability have not yet been mentioned, and this allowed us to consider all these issues profoundly in our research. Paper main body. It has been determined that mobbing shall mean a type of harassment that can be applied to an employee through humiliation at work and usually manifests itself as a psychological abuse by a colleague (group of colleagues) or directly by management. Mobbing can be either vertical (harassment of an employer against an employee), or horizontal (harassment of a colleague against a colleague). There are also selective mobbing (singling out a victim from a group of employees), discriminatory (a victim is one who is different in the team), sexual (sexual harassment), revelatory (applied to persons who exposed negative facts about colleagues), authoritarian (destructive style of a management), displaced (directed to a third party), etc. It was found that public officials may also fall under the manifestations of mobbing, as legal relations of public officials in the labour sphere are covered by labour law. When using the labour of public officials, labour relations definitely arise, but taking into account the specifics of their work and duties, as a public official to some degree affects both public and private interests. Public officials have special legal status in labour relations. It has been researched that if employees have experienced harassment by the employer, then they have the right to file a complaint with: 1) the central executive body implementing the state policy in the field of supervision and control over compliance with labour legislation; 2) the court. The article indicates ways to avoid mobbing and the amount of penalties for the latter. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, we may argue that the state shall guarantee all categories of employees (including public officials) legal protection against mobbing, prejudice in labour relations, manifestations of discrimination, protection of the honour and dignity of the employee in the performance of his/her duties. In case of manifestations of harassment, the legislation of Ukraine provides for the possibility of applying to a special body for the protection of labour rights or to the court and compensation for the material and moral damage caused, if this led to psychological suffering, to the loss of normal life contacts for arrangement the person’s life. The provisions outlined in the research shall improve the regulation of the public administration system in the field of protecting the labour rights of employees in the service of the state.

The relevance of the problem study of legal understanding shall be determined by a combination of ideological, social and political factors, including the urgent need to comprehend legal understanding as the most important regulator of social relations, as well as the need for a critical rethinking of traditional concepts of legal understanding. Therefore, a clear idea of what law is, how it is understood and correctly interpreted within different cultural and legal traditions, what features it acquires within different legal systems shall be important for determining the development prospects. The issues of legal understanding shall be related to the constant fact as any person at each stage of his/her individual and social development discovers new aspects in law, new qualities, as well as its correlation with other phenomena and spheres of society. Legal understanding has not only significant cognitive and theoretical value and significance, but practical as well, because it is extremely important for the legislators to take into account the dominance of optimal types of legal understanding in society in their law-making activities. Recent research and publications analysis. The most significant research in the field of study of legal understanding shall include the works by M. А. Damirli, V. V. Dudchenko, A. А. Kozlovskyi, M. I. Koziubra, O. V. Zaychuk, S. I. Maksymov, Yu. M. Oborotov, N. M. Onishchenko, M. P. Orzikh, P. M. Rabinovych, M. V. Savchyn, O. F. Skakun, S. O. Kharytonov, K. O. Shelestov et. al., as these scholars made an important contribution to the formation of the Ukrainian concept of legal understanding. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Clarification of the main approaches to the notion and concepts of legal understanding, the establishment of its main characteristics and functions, the definition of criteria for its typology and problematic issues of the formation of legal understanding in modern Ukrainian society. Paper main body. It has been established that, depending on the subject of law formation, the concept of natural, as well as normative, and sociological legal understanding shall be distinguished. Such a distribution shall bear witness to the dialectical nature of law development, which includes abstractly general (natural and legal), as well as specific (positive) aspects. It has been researched that law is still too complex and multifaceted phenomenon to be within the framework of only one specific approach, therefore, the main task of modern Ukrainian legal science and studies shall be to find ways to form a new, integral type of legal understanding, arising from the interaction of all schools and trends in modern legal science (both Western and Eastern). It has been developed that law is a phenomenon closely related to a specific being, it functions in the depths of life, moves in time, and changes therewith. Despite the fact that such values as the ideals of justice, freedom, equality are embodied in law, their content also undergoes changes over time, as new connections, manifestations, facets, dimensions appear that require their in-depth understanding. A number of factors, namely religious, civilizational, moral, international, national are also developing, changing and influencing legal understanding. It is not worth hoping that someday the discussions on legal understanding will end, and we will be able to receive a single correct answer what the essence of law is. Author’s interpretations of the concept of “legal understanding” are given, in particular, those of P. Rabinovych, T. Dudash, Yu. Shemshuchenko, H. Lukianova. In general, legal understanding shall be defined as a scientific category that reflects not only the process, but also the result of a purposeful mental activity of a person and covers the knowledge of law, its assessment and attitude towards it as a holistic social phenomenon. Types, levels, peculiarities, functions of legal understanding shall be analysed. Today, the dominant legal understanding is actively developing, which determines the understanding of a certain content of law that is emerging in society as the most influential and widespread, based on its knowledge and perception, as well as its assessment, which designates the nature of various legal systems functioning. Understanding and perception of legal norms is always subjective, because each individual, faced with the law, sees it in his/her own way, then subsequently general ideas are determined through the means of communication, on the basis of which general idea and general legal understanding, dominating in a certain society, are formed. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, legal understanding shall be a scientific category that is associated with scientific knowledge and understanding of law. It is manifested in the reflection of human mental activity and is aimed at the knowledge of law and legal reality, its assessment and attitude towards it as a social phenomenon and a fundamental value of the modern civilizational world. A number of factors, namely civilizational, international, national and others influence legal understanding. Therefore, it is simply impossible to achieve the only correct answer to what the law is. Consequently, the problem of legal understanding in modern society remains relevant and requires further scientific development and understanding.

Problem setting. The article establishes that the objective impossibility of rapid integration of Ukraine into the European European community turns it into a platform for the constant relations clarification between the West and the East. The uncertain situation of our country due to this fact dictates specific rules, according to which Ukraine should pursue an inconsistent policy related to the political and economic conjuncture, and this increases the likelihood of possible security challenges to Ukraine in the context of destabilization of the international security space. In such a situation, the adoption by a state of relevant regulations of a profile nature, which would completely meet all the challenges of our time, comprises a very important fact. Recent research and publications analysis. Many works consider general issues of national security in Ukraine, a fundamental place among which belongs to H. Sytnyk, the co-author of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, many bills, conceptual scientific strategies and political programs in the sphere of national security of Ukraine, as well as the works by V. Abramov, N. Nyzhnyk, V. Oluyko, V. Pasichnyk et аl. The assessment of real threats and challenges to national security, as well as their geopolitical context, was conducted by S. Bielay, V. Hulay, K. Kononenko, M. Malsky, L. Novoskoltseva et al. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. To analyse the prerequisites, main provisions, security risks, challenges and tasks of the 2020 National Security Strategy, find out its novelties in comparison with previous strategies, as well as to determine its significance for the current situation in Ukraine. Paper main body. It has been established that since 2014, full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation has continued in Ukraine, which has all the typical features of so-called “hybrid war”, and is implemented in the forms of military and other illegal actions, reflected in almost all key spheres of life of the Ukrainian state and society in general, including information, economic and diplomatic space. So, on September 14, 2020, the President of Ukraine signed the Decree “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. The content and structure of the Strategy is quite different from its previous versions adopted in 2007, 2012 and 2015. The adoption of this document was really expected, because it should have shown the authorities’ vision of threats, risks and challenges to Ukraine’s national security and determination of the ways to neutralize such threats. The new Strategy replaced one dated 2015. 2020 Strategy makes the appropriate accents and articulates problems that clarify the view of security component and this is important from the point of view of the activities of state bodies, because this is what they will rely on in the coming years when forming their action plans, primarily in the security sector. For the first time, the new Strategy is based on the following basic principles: 1) deterrence; 2) resilience; 3) interaction. This document focuses not only on military issues, but also on areas related to the security sector, information, diplomatic and economic spheres. The Strategy focuses on the fact that the Russian Federation, while continuing military actions against Ukraine, systematically uses economic, political, military, information and psychological, as well as cyber means. In addition, the Strategy takes into account the latest changes related to the crisis in global economy, the spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by coronavirus, as well as the increased risk of natural and man-made emergency situations. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were also critical problems in the health and social protection systems, in the information sphere, and this in turn led to an increase in unemployment, destruction of established lifestyles and, in general, it threatens food development, hinders free movement of capital, goods and labour force, damaging the service sector. There is also an intensification of rivalry between key world players in the geopolitical position, in particular, between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China for world leadership. The document stipulates that acquisition of full membership of Ukraine in the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the strategic course of the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies.The 2020 National Security Strategy meets the challenges of our time and is more narrative than similar documents of previous years. Its basic principles such as deterrence, resilience and interaction provide more opportunities for updating the security sector and responding quickly and flexibly to new challenges and threats facing Ukraine. At the same time, the implementation of ideas set out in the Strategy will depend on those sub-strategic documents (strategies and programs) that are to be adopted within six months according to the new Strategy. If these documents manage to offer effective means of counteracting hostile activity, the newly adopted Strategy will become an effective planning tool, rather than another bureaucratic pro forma. Research and analysis of other new regulations defining security challenges and threats for Ukraine can be a prospect for further scientific research.

The main purpose of the article is to study the features of the pedagogical culture of university teachers in the context of the impact of COVID-19. New trends in education that emerged at the turn of the second and third millennia, the emergence of new paradigms of education, a new system of social values and goals of education, its dialogue with human culture as its creator and subject capable of cultural self-education, stimulated a special interest in the study of the phenomenon of "pedagogical culture" and its components. The events taking place in the world as a result of the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19 refer to a global emergency of a nature. Of course, in these forced conditions, it is difficult for teachers to simultaneously master new methods and tools of distance learning, develop methodological support for the disciplines taught, or transform it into a digital form and immediately introduce it into the educational process. As a result of the study, the main trends in the development of modern pedagogical culture of university teachers in the context of the impact of COVID-19 were identified.