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Thermal modeling and simulation have become imperative in recent years owing to the increased power density of high performance microprocessors. Temperature is a first-order design criteria, and hence special consideration has to be given to it in every stage of the design process. If not properly accounted for, temperature can have disastrous effects on the performance of the chip, often leading to failure. To streamline research efforts, there is a strong need for a comprehensive survey of the techniques and tools available for thermal simulation. This will help new researchers entering the field to quickly familiarize themselves with the state of the art and enable existing researchers to further improve upon their proposed techniques. In this article, we present a survey of the package level thermal simulation techniques developed over the past two decades.

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Since the end of the nineties, power dissipation has been regarded as a first order design constraint in processors. Increased power dissipation along with the resultant rise in die temperature is considered as the single largest bottleneck for increasing processor frequency and complexity. Consequently, it is very important from both a technical as well as commercial perspective to accurately estimate processor power such that designers can tailor their architecture, software and systems to minimize power consumption. In this paper, we provide a survey of most of the processor specific power estimation techniques proposed after the mid nineties. In specific, we look at estimating power both at design time as well as runtime. The former approach is more suitable for early stage architectural exploration, and the latter approach is more germane to creating power efficient application software. We broadly focus on estimating power using system level models, architectural simulation, hardware performance counters, on-chip temperature profiles, and program execution profiles. We showcase a broad range of methods for power estimation using simulators, compilers, profilers, and sophisticated mathematical analysis routines.