The interaction of low temperature plasma with liquids is a relevant topic of study to the field of plasma medicine. This is because cells and tissues are normally surrounded or covered by biological fluids. Therefore, the chemistry induced by the plasma in the aqueous state becomes crucial and usually dictates the biological outcomes. This process became even more important after the discovery that plasma activated media can be useful in killing various cancer cell lines. Here, we report on the measurements of concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, a species known to have strong biological effects, produced by application of plasma to a minimum essential culture medium. The activated medium is then used to treat SCaBER cancer cells. Results indicate that the plasma activated medium can kill the cancer cells in a dose dependent manner, retain its killing effect for several hours, and is as effective as apoptosis inducing drugs. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Plasma‐activated media (PAM) can be as effective as direct plasma treatment in killing cancer cells. PAM is produced by exposing liquid cell culture media to low temperature plasma. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the aqueous state play key role in the anti‐tumor effects of PAM. The effectiveness of PAM is highly dependent upon the dose of reactive species. The concentrations of reactive species and consequently the effectiveness of PAM decreases over time after plasma exposure. In this paper, the effect of PAM on the viability of SCaBER cells, originally obtained from a bladder squamous cell carcinoma, is shown and its efficiency at different aging times is evaluated. To investigate the selective effect of plasma on normal epithelial cells, MDCK (Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney) cells from normal epithelial tissue of a dog kidney were treated by PAM. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide at different times after plasma exposure were measured. Our findings indicate that there is a correlation between PAM efficiency and H2O2 concentration, as both decrease over time.

This review discusses critical aspects of patterning phase change materials (PCMs), including dry etching, wet clean, and encapsulation, as they dictate the reliability and functionality of the phase change random access memory devices. Specifically, alloys of germanium–antimony–tellurium are used as a model system, and the importance of PCM composition control, critical dimension control, high fidelity pattern transfer, and a system level of ambient control to avoid oxidation that can alter the materials’ functionality are highlighted. The research findings motivate the development of a state-of-the-art integrated system that combines dry etch, wet clean, and encapsulation into one platform to realize consistent and successful patterning of PCMs for future generations of the memory devices.

Low temperature plasma jets are the product of fast ionization waves that are guided within a gas channel. Here, we present a novel way to use an ionization wave from an external plasma jet to remotely produce a large-volume diffuse low pressure plasma inside an electrodeless Pyrex chamber.