Penggunaan sediaan kosmetik di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Beberapa sediaan kosmetika yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat adalah <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik. Sediaan kosmetik dapat dikatakan aman apabila memenuhi jumlah maksimum kadar timbal yang sesuai dengan persyaratan yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar logam timbal dalam sediaan kosmestik <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik yang beredar di Kota Surakarta. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di berbagai tempat di kota Surakarta dengan metode <em>purposive sampling</em>. Preparasi sampel dilakukan dengan metode destruksi basah dengan campuran larutan asam HNO<sub>3 </sub>dan HCl (1:3). Sampel dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA) dan diperoleh nilai absorbansinya dan dimasukkan ke dalam kurva kalibrasi sehingga dapat dihitung kadar timbal dalam sampel. Hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa kadar timbal terbesar terdapat pada sediaan lipstik yaitu sebesar 23,1683 ± 0,1225 mg/kg dan kadar timbal terendah terdapat pada sediaan bedak yaitu sebesar 0,6001 ± 0,0092 mg/kg. Semua sediaan <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik yang beredar di Kota Surakarta telah memenuhi persyaratan batas maksimum kandungan timbal yang dipersyaratkan oleh BPOM, kecuali dua sampel lipstik yang tidak teregistrasi BPOM.
This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the implementation of the project based learning model to improve students' higher-order thinking skills in social science material in social sciences. The method used in this study is a qualitative survey method with a total of 22 students. The instruments used in this research are observation and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis. Qualitative data analysis is used to provide information that describes the improvement in the results of teacher performance and student activities by using a project_based learning model that is applied during the implementation of learning by using observation sheets. This shows that from the first meeting to the end of four meetings the teacher's performance from 70% to 100% and student activity from 60% to 100%. The conclusion in this study is that students' high-level thinking in social studies can be improved by implementing a project based learning model for class VB students at SDN.
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