Sediaan topikal yang memiliki kemampuan tabir surya semakin meningkat permintaannya seiring dengan kenaikan angka kejadian kanker kulit. <em>Sunblock</em> direkomendasikan pada rentang nilai <em>sun protecting factor</em> (SPF) 15-30. Seng oksida (ZnO) memiliki kemampuan untuk menghalau sinar ultraviolet (UV) dan mampu memberikan nilai SPF yang tinggi. Konsentrasi maksimum ZnO pada produk kosmetik sangat terbatas dan memiliki efek iritasi kulit apabila terlalu sering digunakan, sehingga perlu adanya inovasi teknologi formulasi untuk mengoptimalkan efek <em>sunblock</em> dari ZnO. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan ZnO yang didispersikan ke dalam sediaan nano emulgel berbasis Carbopol. Serbuk ZnO akan didispersikan dalam formula <em>self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system</em> yang terdiri dari minyak zaitun:Tween 80:propilen glikol yang selanjutnya didispersikan dalam polimer hidrogel Carbopol. Formula nanoemulgel dilakukan uji sifat fisik selama 42 hari meliputi: organoleptik, viskositas, daya sebar dan daya lekat; kemampuan SPF; serta uji kemampuan melindungi dari sinar UV B yang dilakukan pada kulit tikus wistar menggunakan skor eritema.<em> </em>Analisa statistik uji sifat fisik menggunakan taraf kepercayaan 95% (<em>p</em>=0,05). Hasil uji sifat fisik sediaan ZnO terdispersi dalam emulgel stabil selama penyimpanan suhu kamar dengan konsistensi semi padat, dan berwarna putih transparan. Karakteristik fisik meliputi daya sebar, daya lekat, dan viskositas memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna selama proses penyimpanan (<em>p</em>&lt;0,05). Hasil uji SPF<em> </em>menunjukkan bahwa sediaan ZnO terdispersi dalam nanoemulgel memiliki nilai SPF 25 (proteksi UV sedang) dan uji <em>in vivo </em>menunjukkan eritema sangat sedikit dengan skor 1.

Penggunaan sediaan kosmetik di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Beberapa sediaan kosmetika yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat adalah <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik. Sediaan kosmetik dapat dikatakan aman apabila memenuhi jumlah maksimum kadar timbal yang sesuai dengan persyaratan yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar logam timbal dalam sediaan kosmestik <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik yang beredar di Kota Surakarta. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di berbagai tempat di kota Surakarta dengan metode <em>purposive sampling</em>. Preparasi sampel dilakukan dengan metode destruksi basah dengan campuran larutan asam HNO₃dan HCl (1:3). Sampel dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA) dan diperoleh nilai absorbansinya dan dimasukkan ke dalam kurva kalibrasi sehingga dapat dihitung kadar timbal dalam sampel. Hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa kadar timbal terbesar terdapat pada sediaan lipstik yaitu sebesar 23,1683 ± 0,1225 mg/kg dan kadar timbal terendah terdapat pada sediaan bedak yaitu sebesar 0,6001 ± 0,0092 mg/kg. Semua sediaan <em>eye-liner pencil</em>, bedak, dan lipstik yang beredar di Kota Surakarta telah memenuhi persyaratan batas maksimum kandungan timbal yang dipersyaratkan oleh BPOM, kecuali dua sampel lipstik yang tidak teregistrasi BPOM.

The Covid-19 infection has spread to almost all regions of Indonesia. The government has issued a health protocol policy for the public in carrying out their activities to minimize the transmission of covid-19. This study aimed to obtain an overview of public compliance behavior in implementing health protocols as an effort to prevent Covid-19. The questionnaire survey was conducted at one of the pharmacies in the Banjarsari area of Surakarta for the period 14-30 September 2020. The research subjects were determined by purposive sampling method. The questionnaire contains 16 statement items covering the domain of social distancing, use of masks, maintaining hygiene and hand washing, and cough etiquette. Respondent behavior was classified into 2 categories, namely compliance and noncompliance. Respondent characteristic data (gender, age, and occupation) were tested for their relationship with compliance behavior. This study involved 54 respondents who were dominated by women (68.52%), age range 36- 45 years (37.18%), and work as private employees (37.04%). A study on 54 respondents showed that 51.85% of respondents had complied with the implementation of health protocols. Community non-compliance was still high in the domain of maintaining hygiene and cough etiquette. Gender, age, and occupation were not significantly related to respondent behavior.

World Health Organization in 2015, estimated the case of non-melanoma cancer increasing due to the depletion of the ozone layer. The case of skin cancer in Indonesia reaches 6-8%, so the skin needs effective protection. ZnO is a sunscreen with SPF [Sun Protecting Factor] value of 50 and sun exposure reduction to the skin, especially UV A [320-400 nm] and UV B [290-320 nm]. ZnO is difficult to dissolve in water and hard to dispersed in the hydrogel matrix, so that it is formulated a nanoemulsion preparation into SNEDDS. SNEDDS consists of olive oil, tween 80 [surfactant], and propylene glycol [cosurfactant]. Optimization of the SNEDDS ZnO with the D-Optimal method was using Design Expert Software producing 16 formulas that tested for physical stability response including transmittance values [%] and pH values. The formula that has the highest response value with the desirability value approaching one was the optimum formula, then analyzed done with PSA. The optimum SNEDDS ZnO was dispersed in the hydrogel matrix of carbopol, thentest included pH, viscosity, dispersion and SPF value. The optimization shows that the optimum composition of olive oil : tween 80 : propylene glycol of 1:9:1. The result of t-test of SNEDDS ZnO optimum formula were not significantly different (p-value> 0, 05) with Design Expert prediction. Optimum formula can load 2 mg ZnO with transmitance value is 92%, SPF value 26, PSA 150 nm, and polydispers size of droplets.

Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration.