All-inorganic colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (CsPbX3 , X = Cl, Br, I) are revealed to be a new class of favorable optical-gain materials, which show -combined merits of both colloidal quantum dots and halide perovskites. Low-threshold and -ultrastable stimulated emission is -demonstrated under atmospheric conditions with wavelength tunability across the whole -visible spectrum via either size or composition control.

Metal-halide perovskites have rapidly emerged as one of the most promising materials of the 21st century, with many exciting properties and great potential for a broad range of applications, from photovoltaics to optoelectronics and photocatalysis. The ease with which metal-halide perovskites can be synthesized in the form of brightly luminescent colloidal nanocrystals, as well as their tunable and intriguing optical and electronic properties, has attracted researchers from different disciplines of science and technology. In the last few years, there has been a significant progress in the shape-controlled synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals and understanding of their properties and applications. In this comprehensive review, researchers having expertise in different fields (chemistry, physics, and device engineering) of metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals have joined together to provide a state of the art overview and future prospects of metal-halide perovskite nanocrystal research.

Halide perovskite materials have attracted intense research interest due to the striking performance in photoharvesting photovoltaics as well as photoemitting applications. Very recently, the emerging CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals have been demonstrated to be efficient emitters with photoluminescence quantum yield as high as ∼90%, room temperature single photon sources, and favorable lasing materials. Herein, the nonlinear optical properties, in particular, the multiphoton absorption and resultant photoluminescence of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, were investigated. Notably, a large two-photon absorption cross-section of up to ∼1.2 × 10(5) GM is determined for 9 nm sized CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. Moreover, low-threshold frequency-upconverted stimulated emission by two-photon absorption was observed from the thin film of close-packed CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. The stimulated emission is found to be photostable and wavelength-tunable. We further realize the three-photon pumped stimulated emission in green spectra range from colloidal nanocrystals for the first time. Our results reveal the strong nonlinear absorption in the emerging CsPbX3 perovskite nanocrystals and suggest these nanocrystals as attractive multiphoton pumped optical gain media, which would offer new opportunities in nonlinear photonics and revive the nonlinear optical devices.

The excited state dynamics of rubrene in solution and in the single crystal were studied by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy under various excitation conditions. Singlet fission was demonstrated to play a predominant role in the excited state relaxation of the rubrene crystal in contrast to rubrene in solution. Upon 500 nm excitation, triplet excitons form on the picosecond time scale via fission from the lowest excited singlet state. Upon 250 nm excitation, fission from upper excited singlet states is observed within 200 fs.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of long noncoding RNAs, are characterized by a covalently closed continuous loop without 5′ or 3′ polarities structure and have been widely found in thousands of lives including plants, animals and human beings. Utilizing the high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, recent findings have indicated thata great deal of circRNAs, which are endogenous, stable, widely expressed in mammalian cells, often exhibit cell type-specific, tissue-specific or developmental-stage-specific expression. Evidences are arising that some circRNAs might regulate microRNA (miRNA) function as microRNA sponges and play a significant role in transcriptional control. circRNAs associate with related miRNAs and the circRNA-miRNA axes are involved in a serious of disease pathways such as apoptosis, vascularization, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we generalize and analyse the aspects including synthesis, characteristics, classification, and several regulatory functions of circRNAs and highlight the association between circRNAs dysregulation by circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis and sorts of diseases including cancer- related and non-cancer diseases.”