Background and Aim: Nanosized inorganic antibacterial materials have received increasing attention in recent years. The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against reference strains of pathogenic microorganisms as Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus), Salmonella enterica subsp. Bukuru, Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Candida albicans ( C. albicans). Methods: The antimicrobial effect of metal-nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnONPS) and in combination with antibiotics was studied using the normal disc-diffusion method. Results: Both AgNPs and ZnONPs had increased antibacterial activity with an increase in their concentration against Gram-positive bacterium (Staph. aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella spp) and no effect on C. albicans. The synergistic effect of antibiotics (azithromycin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, fosfomycin and chloramphenicol) against E. coli was significantly increased in the presence of AgNPs compared to antibiotic only. However, all antibiotics had a synergistic effect in the presence of AgNps against Salmonella spp. On the other hand, the antibacterial action of AgNPs with oxacillin and neomycin antibiotics against Staph. aureus was significantly decreased in comparison with antibiotics only. The synergistic effect of antibiotics (azithromycin, oxacillin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, fosfomycin and oxytetracycline) against E. coli was significantly increased in presence of ZnONPs compared to antibiotic only and also the synergistic effect of antibiotics (azithromycin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline) against Staph. aureus was significantly increased in the presence of ZnONPs compared to antibiotics only. On the other hand, most antibiotics had an antagonistic effect in presence of ZnONps against Salmonella spp. Conclusion: AgNPs and ZnONPs demonstrate a good synergistic effect with antibiotics and this may open the door for a future combination therapy against pathogenic bacteria.

Background: Several studies assayed the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in broilers at a dosage of (25mg/kg.b.wt.). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of tilmicosin following single and repeated oral administrations (25mg/kg.b.wt.) once daily for 5 consecutive days in healthy and experimentally Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli infected broilers.Methods: After oral administrations of tilmicosin (25 mg/kg.b.wt.) one ml blood was collected from the right wing vein and tissues samples for determination of tilmicosin concentrations and the disposition kinetics of it by the microbiological assay method using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as a test organism.Results: In this study, the plasma concentration time graph was characteristic of a two-compartments open model. Following a single oral administration, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed in both healthy and experimentally infected broilers with an absorption half-life of (t0.5(ab)) 0.45 and 0.52h, maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 1.06 and 0.69μg/ml at (tmax) about 2.56 and 2.81h, (t0.5(el)) was 21.86 and 22.91h and (MRT) was 32.15 and 33.71h, respectively; indicating the slow elimination of tilmicosin in chickens. The in-vitro protein binding was 9.72±0.83%. Serum concentrations of tilmicosin following repeated oral administration once daily for five consecutive days, almost peaked 2h after each dose with lower significant values recorded in experimentally infected broiler chickens than in healthy ones.Conclusions: This study showed that tilmicosin was cleared rapidly from tissues. The highest residue values were recorded in the lung followed by liver and kidneys while the lowest values were recorded in spleen, fat and thigh muscles. Five days for withdrawal period of tilmicosin suggested in broilers.

The active profile of cefquinome in goats was concentrated after single intravenous organization of cefquinome alone and single intravenous organizations in goats pretreated with meloxicam at a portion of 2 mg/kg b.wt. Serum groupings of cefquinome were dictated by utilizing superior fluid chromatography (HPLC). Following compartmental examination, a two-compartment open model best portrayed the fixation time information of cefquinome after i.v. organization The outcomes uncovered that after a solitary intravenous injection, cefquinome was distinguished till 24 hours, dispersion half-life (t1/2á) of cefquinome was 0.281 ± 0.055 h, elimination half-life (t1/2â) was of 5.46 ± 0.22 h and clearance (CL) was 0.04 ± 0.0013 (L/kg/h), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 0.31 ± 0.018 (L/kg). Following a single intravenous injection pretreated with meloxicam, distribution half-life (t1/2á) was 0.227 ± 0.07 h, elimination half-life (t1/2â) was of 3.63 ± 0.055 h and clearance (CL) was 0.056 ± 0.0022 (L/kg/h), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 0.296 ± 0.0163 (L/kg). From this examination, we inferred that organization of meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg b.wt.) may be successfully coadministrated with cefquinome (2 mg/kg b.wt.) for combating bacterial infections with an inflammatory condition in goats without any antagonistic effect on the kinetics of cefquinome.

Immuno-protective, Anti-diabietic and Histochmical antioxidantive effect, Lcarnitine and calf thymus extract. Background: The mechanisms behind of immunosenescence have remained largely unknown in elderly. Some studies are referred the cause to that, L-carnitine is essential nutrient factor which it is important in transporting of long chain fatty acids to mitochondrial matrix, a process essential for fatty acid oxidation and energy release. The immunobiological properties of a new formulation of the lipid thymus calf extract (CYTOIMMUNE ®) were determined. Methods: In this study, the immunomodulating effect of L-carnitine and calf thymus extract were studied in aged male mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups, each group included ten aged male mice. Group I, each mice was injected intraperitoneal (I.P.) with normal saline for 7 successive days. Group II, each mice was injected I.P. with L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. Group III, each mice was injected I.P. with calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. Group IV, each mice was injected I.P. with L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. Plus calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. RBCs & WBCs count, PCV, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, total protein, globulin, albumin, interleukin2, ALT, AST & blood glucose were measured. Moreover, after slaughtering the animals , histological sections were taken from main internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney) to show internal changes of previous tissues and evaluated the protective and antioxidant properties by using the previous experimental preparations (L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kgb.wt. , calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. and combination of them). Results: The interaperiotoneal administration of L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. and combination between them. L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt.and calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days had an improving effect on immune response, glucose level and hepatic marker enzymes as well as improving the histological architecture in the internal tissues (liver, kidney and spleen) and a significant increase in CAT (catalase enzyme), in liver and kidney. These results clearly

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