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In order to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the world, we formulate S1 subunit of the virus with two types of adjuvants, amphiphilic adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CpG ODN for TLR9, into cationic multifunctional liposomes to produce a potent, safer, and translatable nanovaccine. The results show that the nanovaccine can efficiently elicit humoral immune response in mice. The sera from the vaccinated mice significantly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 to infect Vero cells. Moreover, relatively to the free S1 with traditional Alum adjuvant, the nanovaccine can elicit strong T cell immunity by activating both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, which may play critical roles in eliminating viral load in patients. Most importantly, the nanovaccine can elicit strong IgA antibody, providing potential mucosal protection to host. Altogether, this study offers a translatable design for a potent subunit SARS-CoV-2 nanovaccine.

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Cardiac troponin (TNNC1) is the calcium-binding subunit of the myofibril thin filament that regulates excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. In the study, we cloned TNNC1 gene of goat for the first time (GenBank accession number: HQ640744) and analyzed its tissue expression. Results indicate that TNNC1 was a 161-amino acid polypeptide that had been highly conserved during evolution. Its nucleotide sequence was high and was similar in various animals ranging from 97.94 (cow) to 83.33% (African clawed frog), and the identity of the encoded amino acids varied from 100 (cow) to 92.55% (smelt). Fluorescence quantitative PCR analyses revealed that the TNNC1 gene was selectively expressed in the muscular tissues of goat, was expressed in cardiac tissue and slow skeletal muscle (soleus), but was not expressed in fast skeletal muscle (longissimus muscle, gluteus maximus) and brain, kidney, lung or liver of goat. The amino acid residue of Ca 2+ binding site II is identical in mammals, aves and fish. This study may provide more insight into the molecular structure, expression patterns and evolution of TNNC1 gene in animal.

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