No abstract

Immunotherapy has remained at the vanguard of promising cancer therapeutic regimens due to its exceptionally high specificity for tumor cells and potential for significantly improved treatment-associated quality of life compared to other therapeutic approaches such as surgery and chemoradiation. This is especially true in the digestive system, where high rates of mutation give rise to a host of targetable tumor-specific antigens. Many patients, however, do not exhibit measurable improvements under immunotherapy due to intrinsic or acquired resistance, making predictive biomarkers necessary to determine which patients will benefit from this line of treatment. Many of these biomarkers are assessed empirically by pathologists according to nuanced scoring criteria and algorithms. This review serves to inform clinicians and pathologists of extant and promising upcoming biomarkers predictive of immunotherapeutic efficacy among digestive system malignancies and the ancillary testing required for interpretation by pathologists according to tumor site of origin.

Öz: Abdominopelvik cerrahi sonrası oluşan karın içi yapışıklıkların, postoperatif devrede mortalite ve morbidite artışına neden oldukları bilinen bir gerçektir. Yapılan bu çalışmada fluniksin meglumin ve amniyon sıvısının intraabdominal adezyonların önlenmesindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada 21 rat kullanıldı. Ratlar her grupta 7 adet olacak şekilde 3 gruba ayrıldı. Karın duvarı ve sekumda serozal kanama oluşuncaya kadar yapılan kazıma işlemi ile adezyon modeli oluşturuldu. Kontrol, fluniksin ve amniyon gruplarındaki ratlara 5 gün süreyle intraperitoneal olarak sırasıyla 0.5 ml serum fizyolojik, 2.5 mg/kg fluniksin meglumin ve 0.5 ml amniyon sıvısı enjekte edildi. On dört gün sonra tüm ratlar sakrifiye edildi. Makroskopik değerlendirmede tedavi gruplarında adezyon oluşumu kontrol grubuna göre daha az olarak gözlendi (P<0.05). Yapılan histopatolojik kontrollerde gruplar arasında, yangı şiddeti ve fibrozis bakımından istatistiksel olarak fark görülmedi (P<0.05). İmmunohistokimyasal sonuçlar tablo halinde sunuldu. Sonuç olarak intraabdominal adezyonların önlenmesinde fluniksin meglumin ve amniyon sıvısının kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Amniyon sıvısı, fluniksin meglumin, intraabdominal adezyon, ratThe Effects of Flunixin Meglumine and Amnion Fluid on the Prevention of Intraabdominal Adhesions Abstract: Abdominal adhesions following abdominopelvic surgical interventions are well-known causes of increased morbidity and mortality during the postoperative period. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of flunixin meglumine and amnion fluid on the prevention of intraabdominal adhesions. Twenty-one rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into 3 groups as 7 rats in each group. An adhesion model was formed by performing a scraping process on the visceral surface of the abdominal wall and caecum until serosal hemorrhage occurred. One split two ml saline, 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine and 0.5 ml amnion fluid were injected intraperitoneally to the rats in the control, flunixin and amnion groups for 5 days respectively. After 14 days, rats received general anesthesia and occurred adhesions were graded. At the end of the 14th day, rats in all groups were euthanized. In macroscopic evaluation, adhesion formation in treatment groups was less than in the control group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical results are presented in tables. As a result, it was concluded that flunixin meglumine and amnion fluid could be used in the prevention of intraabdominal adhesions.

No abstract