2 Chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings can play an important role in selecting promising lines for wheat breeding. Twenty five durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes were grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions at two locations in Diyarbakir, Turkey during 2005 and2006. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in SPAD readings, and to determine relationships among SPAD readings, grain yield, grain quality and yield parameters. SPAD readings were taken at heading and grain middle milky stages. SPAD readings exhibited greater genotypic variance compared with grain yield and protein content. Genotype by environment interaction variance did not associate with SPAD readings and, grain yield. At both measuring stages there were positive correlations between SPAD and grain yield. Correlation analysis revealed that grain yield under both rainfed and irrigated conditions was mostly determined by grain number. These results suggest that SPAD readings can be used as selection criteria to select durum wheat genotypes that are high yielding but without any decrease in grain protein content.
The study was carried out to analyze grain yield performances of nine varieties and sixteen advanced barley genotypes across eight environments of Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, between 2003-2007 growing seasons. The experimental layout was randomized complete block design with four replications. Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions analysis (AMMI) revealed that the yield performances of genotypes were under the main environmental effects of genotype by environmental interactions. The first two principal component axes (IPCA 1 and IPCA 2) were significant (P<0.01) and cumulatively contributed to 61.07% of the total genotype by environmental interaction. According to the AMMI biplot analysis, genotype G17 and G21 had the desirable characteristics of high or moderate stability with high grain yield and were thus recommended for commercial release in Turkey and genotypes G7, G9 and the G8 proved to be valuable sources for yield stability in barley breeding programs. Denemeler, tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde 4 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Eklemeli ana etkiler ve çarpımsal interaksiyonlar analizi (AMMI), genotip × çevre interaksiyonunda genotiplerin verim performansları üzerine çevresel etkilerin baskın olduğunu göstermiştir. İlk iki ana bileşen ekseni (PCA 1 ve PCA 2), istatistiki olarak önemli (P<0.01) bulunmuş ve genotip × çevre interaksiyonunun % 61.07'sini açıklamıştır. AMMI modeli esas alınarak yapılan biplot analizlerinden elde edilen bulgular: (1) orta veya yüksek stabilite ile birlikte yüksek tane verimine sahip olmaları sebebiyle G17 ve G21 genotipleri Türkiye'de tescile teklif edilmiştir; (2) G7, G9 ve G8 genotiplerinin verim stabilitesi bakımından arpa ıslah programları için önemli bir kaynak oldukları tespit edilmiştir.
This study aimed to investigate a cultivar selection criterion based on income ha -1 in common wheat. Regional yield trials with 20 entries were planted in Diyarbakır, Hazro and Ceylanpınar in southeast Anatolia in the 2004/ 2005 growing season. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed. Grain samples from each location were subjected to quality analyses, and then presented to randomly selected grain purchasers with the local commodity market for market price estimations.Entries 1, 9, 10, 7 and 6 were the top five ranking entries for grain yield, giving 5,320, 5,290, 5,280, 5,140 and 5,130 kg ha -1 , respectively. From the market price perspective, entries 17, 3, 7, 20 and 8 received the five highest marketing price offers with the values 239.0, 238.1, 237.1, 236.9 and 236.7 US$ tonne -1 , respectively. There was a US$ 10.94 tonne -1 market price difference between entries with the highest and the lowest market price. The only quality analyses showing significant correlations with market price were Zeleny sedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hl -1 ). From thev production income [= marketing price (US$ tonne -1 ) · grain yield (kg ha -1 )] point of view, entries 9, 10, 1, 7 and 6 were ranked from 1st to 5th for production income ha -1 with the values 1,241.0, 1,238.0, 1,219.9, 1,214.2 and 1,209.3 US$ ha -1 , respectively. All five high yielding entries were also high-income entries. A rank stability analysis further indicated that entry numbers 6, 7, 8, 4 and 1 stable for high production income ha -1 . A simulation study, based on allocation of additional premiums for high quality indicated that entries 9,1,10, 7, and 6 would be top ranking for high income ha -1 if given an additional premium of as much as twice the standard deviations of market price for each entry (the highest premium limit; 20.24 US$ tonne -1 ). The order for cultivar preference for high production income ha -1 would change and would generate 1,321.94, 1,296.20, 1,281.11, 1,258.06 and 1,243.01 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 US$ ha -1 , respectively. It was concluded that the relatively quality conscious S¸anlıurfa commodity market does not offer adequate premiums for the high quality grains. This results in farmer preference for high yielding lower quality cultivars. Even though quality cannot be neglected, and cultivar preference could change with additional premiums, breeders must give more attention to high production income ha -1 .
İnsanlık tarihi kadar bir geçmişi olan buğday bitkisi, dünyada talebi artan stratejik öneme sahip sayılı gıdaların başında gelmektedir. Nişasta ve enerji kaynağı olmanın yanı sıra sağlık için gerekli protein, vitaminler, diyet lifi, fitokimyasallar ve antioksidan aktivitesi ile faydalı bir dizi bileşen muhtevasına sahip tam buğday danesi, insan metabolizması ve ihtiyacına göre yaratılmış en uygun gıda kaynağıdır. Yeşil devrim sonrası geliştirilen hexaploid buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) rafine edilmiş ürünlerinin diyabet, sindirim sistemi ve obezite gibi hastalıkların sebebi olarak gösterilmesi, kamuoyunda endişelere sebep olmuş bunun sonucu glutensiz ürünlere olan rağbet de artmıştır. Son yıllarda gelişitirilen çeşitlerde gluten oranı ve güçlülüğü bakımından genetik ilerleme oranlarında artış kaydedilmekle birlikte gluten ile indüklenen semptomların biyolojik esası yeterince izah edilememiş olup, glutenin çölyak dışı gluten hassasiyeti semptomlarını tetiklediği iddiaları da açık ve net değildir. Öte yandan tam buğday tüketiminin kardiyovasküler hastalık riski, tip-II diyabet ve bazı kanser türlerine yakalanma gibi kronik hastalıklarin gelişme riskindeki azalmayla ilişkilendirilmesi, toplumda ciddi talep oluşmasına paralel araştırıcıları da sağlık esaslı kalite özelliklerini belirlemeye itmiştir. Günümüzde kaba hacimli ekmek elde etmeye yönelik rafine unlarına ait belirlenmiş kalite özellikleri ile buna uygun geliştirilen çeşit zenginliği üretimin ihtiyacını karşılayabilmektedir. Ancak depo proteinlerinin belirleyici rol aldığı rafineri unlar için belirlenen kalite özelliklerinin kabuk/kepek (%13-17) ve embriyo (%2-3) kısmının dâhil edildiği tam buğday unlarının kalitelerinin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışmalarda ihtiyaca cevap vermede yetersiz kalacağı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sebeple tam buğday ve mamüllerine ait kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ile uygun işleme teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi, uygun çeşit belirlemeye esas çalışmalarda ıslahçılara kolaylık sağlayacaktır. Yüksek tane verimine ek olarak insan sağlığına esas faydalı unsurların içerik ve kompozisyonları bakımından geniş bir varyasyona sahip ekmeklik buğdaylarda amaca uygun genotiplerin geliştirilmesi mümkündür.
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