Lysozymes play an important role in the first line of defense in fish and potentially used as an immunity status biomarker and immune responses evaluation in fish, which often found in two types, i.e. chicken-type and goose-type (c- and g-type, respectively). To recent, the information related to the sequences and the expression analysis of the c- and g-type lysozyme genes in African catfish is still limited. In the present study, we report a partial cloning and mRNA expression analysis of c-type and g-type lysozymes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. We have successfully cloned and partially identify the c-type, and g-type lysozyme genes of C. gariepinus, which consist of 594 and 560 of coding sequences, respectively. Catalytic and other conserved residues were identified by multiple sequences alignment and they showed high similarity with other teleost fish species. mRNA levels of the genes were analyzed by using qPCR method and their expressions in the spleen, liver, and head kidney were rapidly modulated after Aeromonas hydrophila injection, with different patterns were observed in each organ. These results confirmed that c- and g-type lysozymes played an important role in non-specific immunity against A. hydrophila infection. This study provided valuable information that can be used to understand the African catfish immune systems for better disease and stress management in C. gariepinus culture.Keywords: lysozymes, gene identification, gene expression, bacterial infection, African catfish ABSTRAKLisozim berperan dalam sistem pertahanan dini pada ikan dan sangat potensial digunakan sebagai marka status imunitas dalam evaluasi respons imun. Lisozim umum ditemukan dalam dua tipe pada ikan: tipe-ayam (tipe-c) dan tipe-angsa (tipe-g). Informasi terkait sekuens gen dan ekspresi gen kedua tipe lisozim pada ikan lele dumbo sangat terbatas. Pada penelitian ini, kami melaporkan kloning gen secara parsial, dan analisis ekspresi gen dari kedua tipe lisozim pada ikan lele dumbo C. gariepinus. Sekuens parsial gen lisozim tipe-c dan tipe-g yang berhasil diidentifikasi adalah sepanjang 594 dan 560 pasang basa. Situs katalitik dan residu khas memiliki tingkat kesamaan yang tinggi dengan spesies ikan yang lain. Analisis mRNA dilakukan dengan metode quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ekspresi kedua gen di jaringan ginjal depan, limpa, dan hati dengan cepat terinduksi pasca infeksi bakteri A. hydrophila dengan pola yang berbeda. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa lisozim tipe-c dan tipe-g memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam sistem imun ikan lele dumbo terhadap infeksi A. hydrophila. Penelitian ini menghasilkan informasi penting yang dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari sistem imun ikan lele dumbo dan sebagai acuan dalam penanganan dan manajemen penyakit pada budidaya ikan lele dumbo.Kata kunci: lisozim, identifikasi gen, ekspresi gen, infeksi bakteri, ikan lele dumbo

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Obesity-associated with several chronic diseases. Based on this condition, natural products use should be considered as an alternative treatment. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the effect of senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaves extracts and its fractions on pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression of the obese zebrafish. Methods: acclimatization period was performed for two weeks. All zebrafish was given by standard diet intake. Post acclimatization, zebrafish were divided into 10 groups (n = 15 in each group) including normal group; obese group; senna extract group (SE) 100µg/ml; pomegranate extract group (PE) 100µg/ml; senna fractions groups [(n-hexane fraction (HFS) 50µg/ml, ethyl-acetate fraction (EFS) 50µg/ml, and water fraction (WFS) 50µg/ml], and pomegranate fractions groups [(n-hexane fraction (HFP) 50µg/ml, ethyl-acetate fraction (EFP) 50µg/ml, water fraction (WFP) 50µg/ml]. For a period of 4 weeks, the normal group was given by a normal diet and other groups by a high-fat diet. Obese group was given by 240 mg/group/fish of the experimental diet. Gene expression analysis was performed using quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction method. Results: The results of this study showed that both senna and pomegranate leaves extracts and its fractions have ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, leptin and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (such as IL-10) of high-fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. Conclusion: senna and pomegranate leave extracts and its fractions have a potential effect and very promising to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines of high-fat diet-induced obese zebrafish.

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