Grapes are one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits. Afghanistan produces 9.84 lakhtonnes of Grapes during 2018 (FAO statistics). It is one of the important commodities in the export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for Afghan’s fresh grapes are Pakistan and India. The major export markets for dried grapes (raisin) are India, Russia, Belarus, USA, Pakistan and UK. The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing the structure of Grapes and raisin exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country-wise quantity exports of fresh and dried grapes were collected from FAO statistics, ITC and APEDA for a period of 13 years from 2006 to 2018. Compound Annual Growth Rate was computed for studying the trend in the area, production, yield, export quantity and export value for fresh and dried (raisin) grapes. Markov chain analysis was attempted to assess the direction of change in exports. Markov chain analysis results showed that Pakistan is the stable market for Afghan fresh Grapes and India and France are less stable markets. The major reasons are a geographical advantage for Pakistan which gave a competitive advantage over other countries concerning fresh grapes. India, Russia and Pakistan are stable markets for dried grapes and USA, UK, Germany and Belarus are less stable markets. India is the main country to import dried grapes (raisin) in the next five years. It shows a high value in terms of quantity and percentage which is more than 50 percent of all Afghanistan's dried grapes (raisin) export.

The objective of the current study is to estimate the amount of potato waste and introduce suitable mechanisms to reduce it in different stages of production. The investigation was done based on primary data in the year 2021-22 and Abshar district of Panjshir province was selected through cluster sampling process as study area. The data was collected through questionnaires which were distributed randomly to 40 farmers in the district. The results revealed that the average gross income, costs and net income of farmers was estimated around about 1941.55, 414,06 and 1527.49 US$, respectively. Average production of farmers was recorded 9.46 tonnes and average productivity was found 12.21 tonnes ha-1. The highest quantity of potato waste was observed during planting and post-harvest periods. Proper planting date, frequency of irrigation, full ripening, keeping in standard storages and separating injured potatoes were the most important factors effective in waste reduction.

Figs is one of the most important and delicious fruits. Afghanistan produces 24319 tonnes of figs during 2019 (FAO statistics). It is one of the important commodities in export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for figs are India, Pakistan USA, Canada and U Arab Emts.The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing structure of figs exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country wise quantity exports of figs was collected from FAO statistics, and APEDA for a period of 10 years from 2010 to 2019. Compound annual growth rate was computed for studying the trend in area, production, yield, export quantity and export value for figs. Markov chain analysis was attempted to assess the direction of change in exports. Markov chain analysis results showed that, India is the stable market for Afghan figs and U Arab Emts are less stable markets. The major reasons are geographical advantage and good relations for India which gave competitive advantage over other countries with reference to fresh and dried figs export. India is the main country to import figs in the next five years. It shows high value in terms of quantity and percentage which is more than 90 per cent of all Afghanistan’s figs export.

Apricot is one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits. Afghanistan produces 1.09 lakh tonnes of apricot during 2018 (Afghanistan statistical year book). It is one of the important commodities in export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for Afghan dried apricot are India and USA. The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing structure of dried apricot exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country wise quantity of exports of dried apricot was collected from FAO statistics, ITC and APEDA for a period of 13 years from 2006 to 2018. Compound Annual Growth Rate was computed for studying the trend in area, production, yield, export quantity and export value for dried apricot. Markov chain analysis was attempted to assess the direction of change in exports. Markov chain analysis results showed that, India is the stable market for Afghanistan’s dried apricot and USA is less stable markets India is the main country to import dried apricot in the next five years. It shows high value in terms of quantity and percentage which is more than 50 per cent of all Afghanistan’s dried apricot export.