Conservationists are increasingly relying on distribution models to predict where species are likely to occur, especially in poorly-surveyed but biodiverse areas. Modeling is challenging in these cases because locality data necessary for model formation are often scarce and spatially imprecise. To identify methods best suited to modeling in these conditions, we compared the success of three algorithms (Maxent, Mahalanobis Typicalities and Random Forests) at predicting distributions of eight bird and eight mammal species endemic to the eastern slopes of the central Andes. We selected study species to have a range of locality sample sizes representative of the data available for endemic species of this region and also that vary in their distribution characteristics. We found that for species that are known from moderate numbers (N = 38-94) of localities, the three methods performed similarly for species with restricted distributions but Maxent and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (Random Forests yielded better results for species with wider distributions. For species with small numbers of sample localities (N = 5-21), Maxent produced the most consistently successful results, followed by Random Forests and then Mahalanobis Typicalities. Because evaluation statistics for models derived from few localities can be suspect due to the poor spatial representation of the evaluation data, we corroborated these results with review by scientists familiar with the species in the field. Overall, Maxent appears to be the most capable method for modeling distributions of Andean bird and mammal species because of the consistency of results in varying conditions, although the other methods have strengths in certain situations.
ResumenEl presente trabajo documenta la diversidad de los mamíferos de la cuenca del río Apurímac, uno de los vacíos de información más importantes del Perú, en base a una evaluación de cinco lugares de muestreo en los departamentos de Apurímac (Cconoc, Velavelayoc), Ayacucho (Yanamonte, Ccentabamba) y Cusco (Catarata). El esfuerzo de captura fue de 1280 trampas noche y 41 redes noche. Se registraron 60 especies en el área de estudio; incluyendo 15 especies bajo alguna categoría de conservación y cuatro endémicas a nivel del país. Como era de esperarse, los murciélagos y los roedores fueron los órdenes más diversos (66,7 %). La diversidad de especies en los sitios de muestreo decrece signifi cativamente con la elevación desde los puntos de muestreo más bajos (Ccentabamba y Catarata) hasta el más alto (Velavelayoc). El marsupial Monodelphis peruviana y el venado enano Mazama chunyi son primeros registros para el departamento de Ayacucho.Mazama chunyi son primeros registros para el departamento de Ayacucho. Mazama chunyi Los murciélagos Artibeus planirostris yArtibeus planirostris y Artibeus planirostris Myotis keaysi así como la nutria Myotis keaysi así como la nutria Myotis keaysi Lontra longicaudis son primeros registros para el departamento de Apurímac. La abundancia relativa presentó una correlación negativa signifi cativa con la elevación para los murciélagos pero no fue signifi cativa para los mamíferos pequeños terrestres. Las especies de Sturnira, Akodon y Thomasomys fueron las Thomasomys fueron las Thomasomys que obtuvieron una mayor abundancia relativa. Los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson mostraron también una correlación negativa signifi cativa con la elevación. Se estima que la cuenca del río Apurímac alberga al menos 97 especies de mamíferos lo que resulta de compilar nuestros resultados con publicaciones previas. Se recomienda establecer áreas de conservación en Huanipaca, Yanamonte y Catarata e incrementar el área del Santuario Histórico Machu Picchu hasta incluir la zona del complejo arqueológico Choquequirao.Palabras clave: Mamíferos, Perú, río Apurímac, diversidad, conservación, bosques montanos, VRAE. AbstractThe present work documents the diversity of mammals in the headwaters of the Apurímac river, one of the most important information gaps in Peru, based on an evaluation of fi ve sampling areas in the departments of Apurímac (Cconoc, Velavelayoc), Ayacucho (Yanamonte, Ccentabamba) and Cuzco (Catarata). Capture's effort was 1280 trap-nights and 41 mistnet-nights. Sixty species were recorded in the study area and included 15 threatened species and four species endemic to Perú. As expected, bats and rodents were the most diverse orders (66,7 %). The species diversity in the sites sampled declines signifi cantly with elevation from the lowest elevation sites (Ccentabamba and Catarata) to the highest (Velavelayoc). The marsupial Monodelphis peruviana and the Dwarf Brocket deer Mazama chunyi are fi rst records Mazama chunyi are fi rst records Mazama chunyi for the department of A...
ResumenEl Perú reporta una alta diversidad de mamíferos, sin embargo no existe al presente un departamento o región con una lista actualizada de mamíferos. Por ello, se presenta aquí una lista actualizada para Ucayali, la que incluye 192 especies, en 11 órdenes y 35 familias (38% de la mastofauna peruana). Del total de especies, 56 son registradas en Áreas Protegidas y 189 especies en Áreas No Protegidas. En Ucayali se encuentran tres especies endémicas para el país: la ardilla Sciurus pyrrhinus, el ratón cricétido Neusticomys peruviensis y el ratón equímido Makalata rhipidura. Se encontraron 86 localidades diferentes con registros de especímenes (la mayoría ubicados a lo largo de ríos). Se identificaron dos zonas con pocos o ningún registro denominadas "vacíos de información": 1) la zona Nor Oriental de Ucayali (parte de la Reserva Nacional Sierra del Divisor), y 2) la zona oriental de Ucayali, conformada por el territorio cruzado por el río Yucanya, el río Yurúa y, la cuenca baja del río Purús (parte del Parque Nacional Alto Purús). Estas zonas son recomendadas para estudios de biodiversidad y conservación. Palabras clave: Mamíferos, diversidad, Ucayali, base de datos, conservación, vacíos de información Abstract Peru reports a very high diversity of mammals; however no Peruvian department or region has an updated list of mammals to date. Therefore, we present an updated list for Ucayali, which includes 192 species, belonging to 11 orders and 35 families (comprising 38% of all Peruvian mammals). Of these, 56 are recorded in protected areas and 189 species in unprotected areas, respectively. Three endemic species for the country were found in Ucayali: Sciurus pyrrhinus, a squirrel, Neusticomys peruviensis a cricetid mouse, and Makalata rhipidura an echimyd rodent. 86 different locations had specimen records (mostly located along rivers). Two areas with scarce or lack of records were found and rated as "Information gaps": 1) northeast of Ucayali (part of the Sierra del Divisor National Reserve), and 2) eastern Ucayali, composed of the territory crossed by the Yucanya River, the Yurua River, and downstream Purus River (part of the Alto Purus National Park). These areas are recommended for biodiversity and conservation studies.
Evaluación de mamíferos medianos y grandes mediante trampas cámara en un bosque montano del norte del PerúAbstract Camera traps are a powerful tool for inventorying elusive and rare species and very useful to obtain ecological data for plans that involve wildlife conservation. In Peru, several surveys have been carried out in lowland Amazonia especially in the southeastern part of the country, but none in montane cloud forests or Yungas. We present the first camera trap studies produced in Peruvian Yungas at the locality of Querocoto village (Chota, Cajamarca), based on 2002 (dry season) and 1264 (wet season) camera traps-days (CTD). Two localities were surveyed in wet and dry season: The Pagaibamba Protection Forest and the San Lorenzo Forest. The wet season study was carried out in October and November, and the dry season in July to September of 2008. Eight mammalian species were recorded in both seasons. Some 66 (91.7%) independent records were obtained in the dry season, but only six (8.3%) in the wet one, suggesting a seasonality effect. The Mountain Paca Cuniculus taczanowskii was the most commonly photographed species, with 17.0 and 1.6 capture frequencies (dry and wet season respectively), whereas the Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata (0.5 capture frequency in the dry season) was the most rare species. Activity patterns suggest that Mountain Paca C. taczanowskii and the Andean Skunk C. chinga are nocturnal, while Spectacled Bear T. ornatus and Tayra E. barbara are diurnal in the study area. Our records of the Ocelot Leopardus pardalis and the Tayra E. barbara are among the highest altitudinal records known for each species. In addition, the Anta Tapirus pinchaque was also identified by its tracks, representing one of the first record known south of the Huancabamba Depression. . registraron ocho especies de mamíferos. En la época seca se obtuvo 66 (91,7%) de los eventos independientes mientras en la época húmeda solamente seis eventos (8,3%) sugiriendo un efecto por estacionalidad. La Paca de Montaña (Cuniculus taczanowskii) fue el mamífero más fotografiado con frecuencias de captura de 17,0 y 1,6 para época seca y húmeda respectivamente mientras que Mustela frenata con 0,5 fue la especie más rara registrada solo en la época seca. Los patrones de actividad sugieren que la Paca de Montaña, C. taczanowskii y el Zorrillo Andino, Conepatus chinga son nocturnos, mientras que el Oso de Anteojos, Tremarctos ornatus y la Tayra Eira barbara son diurnos en el área de evaluación. Nuestros registros del Ocelote Leopardus pardalis y la Tayra E. barbara están entre los registros altitudinales más altos conocidos para ambas especies. En adición el Anta Tapirus pinchaque fue identificado por medio de sus huellas y representa su primer registro al sur de la depresión de Huancabamba.Palabras clave: Trampas cámara, inventario, bosques de niebla, Cuniculus taczanowskii, Perú.
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