N-Alkyl glucamines can be reacted with α,ω-diepoxides to yield gemini (dimeric) surfactants similarly to the reaction of glucamine with terminal epoxides. Under the conditions chosen for this work, epoxides were quantitatively converted in the presence of an equimolar amount of amine to gemini surfactants. Reactions could be carried out under mild conditions (70°C) in methanol, and products were obtained quantitatively by removing the solvent. The combination of Noctyl glucamine, N-decyl glucamine, or N-dodecyl glucamine with diepoxides of α,ω-diolefins having chain lengths of C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , or C 14 resulted in gemini surfactants differing in spacer length and length of hydrophobic alkyl chains. Surface-active properties were studied by measuring surface tension and evaluating foaming properties. Tensiometric studies showed the reduction of surface tension down to 29-33 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations often in the range of 3-150 mg/L. Comparison of a selected gemini surfactant [1,8-bis(N-dodecyl glucamino-2,7-octane diol] with its corresponding "single surfactant" demonstrated the enhancement of surface-active properties afforded by the gemini structure.
Résumé : Des surfactants d'hydrates de carbone peuvent être obtenus avec un bon rendement (jusqu'à 100 %) dans des conditions douces (à 70 °C, dans du méthanol ou dans un mélange de méthanol et d'eau) par des réactions des époxydes avec des polyhydroxyalcoylamines. Des réactions de N-méthylglucamine avec des oxydes d'alcoylènes supérieurs terminaux (C4-C18) ou des oxydes d'esters méthyliques d'acides gras à terminaisons insaturées amènent aux produits linéaires, tandis que des réactions avec de la N-dodécylglucamine ou de la glucamine amènent aux surfactants avec des structures en Y différentes. Les produits des réactions d'oxydes d'esters méthyliques d'acides gras à terminaisons insaturées subissent une saponification avec l'hydroxyde de sodium ou une hydrolyse enzymatique, ainsi on obtient respectivement des sels de sodium ou des acides, qui donnent des tensioactifs amphotères. L'étude des surfactants à différentes valeurs de pH montrent des propriétés tensioactives variées dans des solutions aqueuses. Pour quelques surfactants d'hydrates de carbone on trouve des petites c.m.c. (2-500 mg/l) et des tensions superficielles de 25-40 mN/m. Tandis que les produits de réactions des époxydes ont des pouvoirs moussants plutôt modérés, quelques bromohydrates correspondants ont de bonnes propriétés moussantes. Mots-clés : époxydes, glucamines, surfactants.Summary : Sugar-based surfactants were obtained in good yields (up to 100%) under mild conditions (70°C, methanol or mixtures of methanol and water) by ring-opening of terminal epoxides with aminopolyols, derived from glucose. Reaction of N-methyl glucamine with epoxides from evennumbered C4-C18 alpha-olefins or from terminal unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters leads to linear products, while corresponding reactions with N-dodecyl glucamine or glucamine yield surfactants with different Y-structures. Products obtained by conversion of omega-epoxy fatty acid methyl esters were saponificated with NaOH or hydrolyzed enzymatically to sodium salts or free acids respectively, which are amphoteric surfactants. Studies of the surfactants at different pH-values demonstrate different surface active properties in aqueous solutions. Critical micelle concentrations (c.m.c.) in a range between 2 and 500mg/l and surface tensions of 25-40mN/m were measured for several of the synthesized sugar-based surfactants. The ring-opening products are rather poor foamers, whereas some of the corresponding hydrobromides show good foaming properties.
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