ResumenEl presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología.Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica -organización económica -norte de Chile -costa arreica -Taltal.
AbstractThis study is a reassessment of the chronological and cultural sequence of the Archaic Period in Taltal, in an attempt to document the continuities and transformations in the economic organization of local populations who inhabited this area. We base our understanding of this process on new data generated by our project in recent years, as well as previously published studies in the area. This research has been mainly directed towards the understanding of three variables in the economic organization of Taltal's hunter-gatherer-fisher communities: mobility systems, subsistence practices and technology.
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Mines, spoils, retention walls and pads are the most common material remains of pre-Hispanic mining activity studied by archaeologists. In this paper we will focus on yet another category, the mining ergology, defined as the material artefacts associated with day to day mining activities. Mining ergology seeks to document the technological equipment of the pre-Hispanic miner, which is seldom found in archaeological contexts due to poor preservation of organic materials. The arid conditions of the Atacama desert offer unique conservation possibilities which have shown a varied mining ergology that includes hafted stone hammers bound to wooden handles with rawhide and wool, lithic hammer heads, lithic and wooden shovels, baskets and capachos (rawhide sacks). The study of these components complements our knowledge of pre-Hispanic mining technologies and increases our understanding of the organization of mining operations, the diachrony of mining activity, the variability and continuity of the material record, and therefore of mining and its development in the Andes in general.Key words: Pre-Hispanic mining, Atacama Desert, ergology, copper.
Minas
La explotación minera en la Región de Antofagasta debió iniciarse a lo menos durante el Período Arcaico Temprano (ca. 10.500-9000 AP). En este período se ha documentado la presencia de pigmentos de color rojo, seguramente óxidos de hierro, en el sitio La Chimba 13, en las inmediaciones de Antofagasta (Llagostera et al. 2000). El uso de este mineral se mantuvo a lo largo de toda la prehistoria de la región (fig. 1), e incluso hasta tiempos históricos, siendo usado en diversos contextos, tales como la pintura corporal, las ofrendas funerarias, el arte rupestre y la impermeabilización de las balsas de cuero de lobo, entre otros. Hacia el Arcaico Tardío, la explotación minera se diversificó para incluir el manganeso, en el caso de las momias Chinchorro (Arriaza 2003), y, en especial, el cobre en diversos contextos tanto costeros como de tierras altas. En este último caso, se trata de explotaciones orientadas a la fabricación de cuentas de collar elaboradas a partir de minerales cupríferos, lo que nos permite deducir el inicio de la minería del cobre (Núñez 2006). Luego de este origen arcaico vinculado a la elaboración de pigmentos y cuentas de collar (lapidaria), la
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