By differentiating between family and non-family female directors, this study aims to reconcile the prior mixed evidence on the effect of board gender diversity, especially when a company operates in a weak institutional environment. We argue that female directors are not homogenous. Drawing upon the socioemotional wealth perspective, this study proposes that family and non-family female directors would display different behaviour when fulfilling their duty as monitoring managers. By analysing boards of directors in Indonesia from 2012 to 2018, we show that only non-family female directors significantly enhance firm value and advocate dividend payouts. Our results indicate that non-family female directors are more effective than family female directors at monitoring the management and protecting the interests of minority shareholders. This study echoes the call of integrating institutional contexts and differentiating different types of female directors when analysing the effects of gender diversity.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the pattern of earnings management on growth and value companies in Indonesia. This study predicts that earnings management has information contents. Therefore, earnings management tends to degrade the quality of earnings, then affect the future profitability. This study analyzes the effect of earnings management information content to the company's future profitability. This study provides an understanding about accounting information at certain market price levels for growth and value companies. Findings: Findings of this study indicate the differences between earnings management influence on growth and value companies. The results also support the differences of relative incremental information content of earnings management on growth and value companies. The growth firms tend to do earnings management and have higher profitability compared to the value firms. The implication is that the incremental information content of earnings management on growth firms is lower than those of the value firms to predict future profitability.   Implication: The contribution of this research is to provide an in-depth review on earnings management study associated with company life cycle (growth and value), as well as  to give additional understanding about the existence of incremental information content of earnings management. Thus, firms show different earnings management behaviors and ultimately those behaviors affect the quality of profit to predict future earnings

Introduction: The Regional Development Bank (BPD Bank) is expected to be a strong, highly competitive bank, which will contribute to the growth and even distribution of sustainable regional economies. Background Problem: A review by the Financial Service Authority (OJK) of the BPD Bank’s business growth indicates the low competitiveness of the BPD Bank, relative to other commercial banks. Novelty: Limited prior studies have been conducted on the profitability determinants of the BPD Bank, especially in Indonesia, and previous studies have only focused on the internal determinants of profitability. Hence, this research aims to analyze both the internal and external profitability determinants of the BPD Bank in Indonesia. Research Method: This study analyzes 135 observations in total from all 27 BPD banks in Indonesia for five years, from 2011 to 2015. This research measured bank profitability using ROA and ROE as the dependent variables. The independent variables are the internal and external determinants of bank profitability. The internal determinants of profitability consist of TA, TCORCAP, CAR, NPL, LDR, OE/OI and NIM; whilst the external determinants include TMS, INF and BIRATE. Findings: The findings of this study show that the profitability of the BPD Bank, as measured by its Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), is significantly determined internally by the total assets, LDR, OE/OI, and NIM and externally by the BIRATE and inflation. Those variables have positive relationships with profitability, except for OE/OI and inflation, which have negative relationships with profitability. In addition, two hypotheses are only partially supported, in which the total core capital and CAR show negative relationships only with ROE. Conclusion: The findings of this paper provide a deeper insight to help manage the profitability of the BPD Bank, which eventually can promote sustainable economic development.

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