Objective: The objectives of this study were to find the correlation among the intelligence and academic achievement of MBBS students and to see if the correlation differs between boys and girls. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Ameer Ud Din Medical College / PGMI Lahore. Period: 1st January 2019 to 31st January 2019 Material & Methods: A total of 100 second year MBBS students volunteered to participate (46 males and 54 females). Modified Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was used to access the IQ of students. Previous academic records of the students before their admission in medical college and written and oral test marks of second year MBBS students during the year were used for measuring academic achievements of students. The results were analyzed by spearmans correlation, Independent t test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: A statistically significant difference (p = 0.04) between IQ of boys and girls was found with males having mean IQ of 97.4±22.7 as compared to females 89.3±15.5. No significant difference was observed in academic achievements of male and female students. Correlation of IQ with academic achievements was also non-significant. Conclusion: Although males have higher IQ but it has no relationship with academic achievement of medical students. Hard work of the students with average or low IQ could be the reason that there was no difference in the academic achievement when they were compared with the students having higher IQ.

Background. This study was planned determine and compare the levels of ischemia modified albumin in controls and diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. Materials and Methods: Diabetic Clinic of Lahore General Hospital was selected the conduction of the study in collaboration with an opthalmologists from September 2014-May 2015. 60 subjects of either sex were chosen and were separated into 3 groups with 20 subjects in each group. Group 1 was of normal healthy controls, group 2 of diabetics without retinopathy and group 3 of diabetics with retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist by an indirect method using a 90D lens on slit lamp examination, and IMA levels were determined by rapid calorimetric method. Results: The median (IQR) of serum levels of IMA in three groups were 0.51(0.43-0.54) in group I, 0.59(0.53-0.61) in group II and 0.63(0.59-0.71) ABSU .A significantly higher IMA levels in diabetics with retinopathy were seen as compared to diabetic without retinopathy and control with a p value of 0.00 respectively. Conclusion: Our study concludes that serum IMA levels raise as the diabetes progresses in its complications.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common cardiac event associated with chronic kidney disease. Aim: To detect LVH by echocardiography among CKD patients and co-relationship between plasma fibrinogen and left ventricular mass index. Study Design: Observational study. Methodology: It was an observational study with total of 62 CKD patients enrolled through convenience sampling. Patient’s age ranged from 35-65 years. Almost 3ml of blood was taken for measuring serum creatinine and fibrinogen. Blood was centrifuged for plasma separation than stored at -20°C. ECG findings were confirmed by echo in all enrolled patients. Data was evaluated by SPSS v.24. The results were presented as counts (percentage), means and standard deviation as appropriate. Spearman correlation was applied to check the correlation of variables. Results: Echo confirmed that LVH was found in 41 (66.1%) patients with systolic dysfunction. There was a high level of plasma fibrinogen in 73% of enrolled participants. No correlation between plasma fibrinogen and LVMI was found. Practical Implication: Current project helped health providers to diagnose cardiac event at an early stage among patients of kidney fail¬ure on echo findings along-with plasma fibrinogen levels thus the adverse outcomes could be prevented or delayed. Conclusion: It was concluded that echocardiography is a helpful diagnostic tool as it confirms ECG abnormalities seen in hospitalized CKD patients. All CKD patients should have their echocardiography done. Plasma fibrinogen levels were raised with declining renal function. Thus combination of both echo and fibrinogen levels among CKD are handful investigations for LVH. Keywords: Echocardiography, Chronic Kidney Disease, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Plasma Fibrinogen.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common cardiac event associated with chronic kidney disease. Aim: To detect LVH by electrocardiography in patients with CKD. Study design: Observational study. Methodology: It was an observational study with total of 62 CKD patients enrolled through convenience sampling. Their blood 3ml was drawn aseptically for estimation of serum creatinine. All enrolled subjects underwent electrocardiographic examination. Patients with low GFR (<60ml/min/1.73m2) and high serum creatinine concentration (>1.5mg/dl) were included. Data was evaluated by using SPSS vr 24. The results were presented as counts, means and standard deviation as appropriate. Results: Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 50% of enrolled patients as depicted by ECG recording. The calculated sensitivity and specificity of ECG for LVH were 75% and 100% respectively. Almost 38.7% patients were 56-65 years of age. There were 33.9% patients in the age of 35-45 years and 27.4% was in the age of 46-55 years. The median (IQR) age was 54.50 (41.75-60) years. In our study population, median (IQR) of height was 152cm (150-156). The mean weight was 65.85 kg with standard deviation of 8.42 kg i.e., 65.85 ±8.42kg. Mean body mass index was 27.85. Practical Implication: Current project helped health providers to diagnose cardiac event at an early stage among patients of kidney fail¬ure on ECG findings thus the adverse outcomes could be prevented or delayed. Conclusion: ECG abnormalities are common in hospitalized CKD patients in local population. All hospitalized CKD patients should undergo ECG to screen for cardiovascular disease. It was thus concluded that ECG can be used as a sensitive diagnostic tool in combination with different ECG indices to detect LVH. Key words: Electrocardiography, Chronic Kidney Disease, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Sokolow-Lyon Voltage Index

Introduction: Non-diabetic individuals with type II diabetic parents are more susceptible to develop Diabetes. Visfatin; an adipocytokine and an enzyme is linked with glucose metabolism and affected by obesity. It works like insulin in the human body.  It serves as a key enzyme in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and plays a pivotal role in glucose mediated insulin secretion. Aims and Objectives: In this study we aimed to determine and compare serum visfatin levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-%B) of type II diabetic patients and non-diabetic adult offspring of type II diabetic parents with that of non-diabetic adult offspring of non-diabetic parents. Material and methods It was a cross-sectional comparative study conducted at Diabetes clinic of Lahore General Hospital (LGH) and department of Physiology, Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lahore in 2018. The study groups included thirty type II diabetic subjects (group III) and forty non-diabetic adult offspring of type II diabetic parents (group II). Forty non-diabetic adult offspring of non-diabetic parents served as controls (group I). The subjects were of thirty to fifty years of age. Blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference of every subject was measured. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were analyzed for serum insulin, glucose and visfatin. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) and beta cell function (HOMA-%β) were also calculated. Results Type II diabetics (group III) had significantly higher serum visfatin, HOMA-IR, and lower HOMA-%S as compared to the controls (group I). No significant difference was found between HOMA-%B of group III and controls. On the contrary, non-diabetic adult offspring of type II diabetic parents (group II) had significantly lower serum visfatin and HOMA-%S while HOMA-%β, HOMA-IR was significantly higher in comparison to the control group (group I). Conclusion Visfatin production seems suppressed in non-diabetic individuals with type II diabetic parents probably due to hyperinsulinemia. Moreover, it has a little role in insulin secretion in these individuals as reflected by their higher HOMA-%B index. However, visfatin’s upregulation in chronic hyperglycemia is indicative of its restorative role in the declined beta-cell function in type II diabetics.