Objective of study: The objective of the study is to identify the attitudes of medical students towards the clinical importance of embryology. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a private medical college of Sialkot, Islam Medical College from September 2019 to November 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee prior to the study. Hundred First year and 100 final year medical students of Islam Medical College, participated in the survey. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis scoring was used to assess the attitudes.  The questionnaire consisted of 20 statements. Students had to tick only those statements with which they were in full agreement. Prior to conducting the study a median score was taken out of 50 anatomy teachers, showing their opinion toward each statement. Results: The results of the study showed that the medical students do appreciate the importance of embryology in the early years and to a more extent in the clinical years. The attitude scores remained on the positive side. Female students showed better attitudes towards embryology in both years. Conclusion:  To understand the importance of embryology efforts are required by the teachers teaching anatomy, and medical educationalists, to inform medical students of the relevance of embryology in attaining clinical competence. Key words: Attitude, Clinical, Embryology, Continuous...

Objective: To observe the effects of an artificial sweetener (sodium cyclamate) on a rat's pancreas and glucose levels. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College Rawalpindi, in association with the National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan from Jun 2014 to Jan 2015. Methodology: Forty Sprague Dawley rats (male and female housed separately to avoid mating and pregnancy) were involved in the experiment. Twenty rats in each control and experimental group. C served as control and E for the experimental group. A normal laboratory diet was fed to control Group-C for two months, whereas through an oral gavage needle, artificial sweetener 60mg/kg/day (sodium cyclamate) was fed to experimental animals for two months. During the two months after twelve-hour fasting, rats' blood glucose level was recorded weekly. At the commencement and completion of these two months, the weight of the animals was noted. Results: Fasting blood sugars of experimental group was found to be statistically significant from week 3 to 9 with p-values of 0.034, <0.001, <0.001, 0.002, 0.001, <0.001, <0.001 respectively. Number of islets of Langerhans was significantly higher 13.70 ± 1.87μm in experimental group compared with control group with the p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: Sodium cyclamate not only affected the glucose metabolism but also disturbed the normal histology of the endocrine pancreas.

Background: The sclera is the outer strong opaque covering of the eye that functions as protective layer and provides site for attachment of extra ocular muscles. Aim: To study the microscopic anatomy of sclera in chick at various stages of embryological development keeping in mind the practical application of this information in understanding human development and disease processes. Methodology: It was an experimental study. The study was carried out at department of Anatomy, CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad. Eyeballs were collected from group A, B and C (n=30 each) on day 10, 12 and 15 of incubation respectively. Dissected out tissues were processed and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Alizarin red. The prepared specimens for group A and C were analysed under light microscope while the specimens from group B were observed via stereomicroscope. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. Independent t-test was applied with p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: As the chondrocytes in cartilaginous layer of sclera became mature, they change their shape from flattened to more rounded cells. The proteoglycan content in the cartilaginous matrix increased. The mean number of chondrocytes increased from 17.4 ±1.4/unit area on day 10 to 10.0 ±0.8/unit area on day 15. The mean thickness of cartilaginous layer increased from 44 ±2.4µm on day 10 to 77 ±8.3 µm on day 15 of development. Calcification of scleral ossicles became obvious at about 12 days of incubation when seen under stereomicroscope. Practical Implication: This study highlighted that understanding for the development of scleral elements (understudied tissue of the eye) can be critical in research involving autoimmune diseases and neural crest defects. Considering similar developmental stages among humans as in chick embryo. Conclusion: It was concluded that growth of sclera in eye of chick has been indicated by increase in thickness of its layers and increase in the number of chondrocytes/unit area and progressing calcification of ossicles in its bony part. Keywords: Chick Embryo, Chondrocytes, Hyaline Cartilage and Ossicular Ring.

Objective: To evaluate histomorphological effects of Soybean oil supplementation on lung tissue injury and alveolar hemorrhage induced by Bisphenol A (BPA). Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad, from Nov 2015 to Nov 2016. Methodology: Forty (40) healthy BALB/c mice of 9-11 weeks of age, weighing between 30-37gm were housed in a controlled environment at National Institute of Health. Group 1 (10) was control group. Group 2 (10) was given a daily dose of 50 milligram/kilogram body weight of Bisphenol A and group 3 (10) was given a daily dose of 500 milligram of Soybean oil and group 4 (10) was concurrently given Bisphenol A and Soybean oil with daily doses of 50 milligram/kilogram body weight and 500 milligrams. After a period of 8 weeks, animals were dissected 24 hours after receiving the last dosage. Lung wet weight, animal weight and relative body tissue weight index (RTBWI) were calculated. Tissue processing & staining was done. Alveolar hemorrhage was histomorphologically and statistically analysed using SPSS-21. Results: On microscopic examination, alveolar hemorrhage (AH) was observed in 10 (100%) group 2 specimens with increase in RTBWI and whereas only 5 (50%) of group 4 specimens had alveolar hemorrhage with slight improvement in relative body tissue weight index (RTBWI). Conclusion: Bisphenol A (BPA) induced lung injury as evident by intraalveolar hemorrhage, blood vessel congestion and increased RTBWI ratio were ameliorated by concomitant administration of Soybean oil.

Objectives: To find out the effects of noise stress on variations in number of ovarian follicles in mice. Study Design: Randomized control trial, laboratory based. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, it was conducted from April to May 2014. Material and Method: 20 adult mice (BALBc strain) female weighing 25-27 grams were taken for this study on day first of their estrous cycle. Two groups comprising of 10 rats each were made. Control group was given name tag of group A and was kept in animal house under normal heathy environment for one month. Noise stress of 100 decibels for 06 hours per day for one month was given to experimental group B. Mice were dissected after 1 month. Mice right ovaries were examined for size, shape, color and weight. The specimen were processed and embedded. Hematoxyline and Eosin stained slides were prepared for histological study. Follicular count (primary, secondary and tertiary follicles) was done and noted. For statistical analysis SPSS 20 was used. The tests applied was independent sample’s t test for descriptive statistics. Results: There was a significant decrease in primary, secondary/antral and graafian follicular count in the ovary of Group B (Experimental). Conclusion: The noise stress prominently affected the follicular count in ovaries of noise stress treated group.