This paper give the brief description of digital communication system.Digital communication is more reliable, secure and efficient than that of analog communication.In Digital communication,BPSK is most important and efficient technique in terms of signal power. In this paper BPSK modulator and demodulator are purely design by using hardware description language (VHDL) and implementing it on Spartan 3E FPGA kit.

Background: The main cause of anemia in one-third of the world's population is a lack of iron (ID). Anemia affects between 700 and 800 million individuals globally. Methodology: Only the patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia was selected from Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore and Jinnah Hospital Lahore for determination of serum iron concentration in comparison with healthy controls. Results: In our study male patients were 67% and females were 33%. Frequency of children with beta thalassemia major under 5 year of age is 19%, 5-9 year is 24%, 9-15 years is 31% and above 15 years is 26% Practical implications: The current study aims to spread the awareness among community about clinical significance of serum iron in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients and ways to control the iron deficiency. This investigation will assist in determining the severity of the condition in our community as well as the status of serum iron levels in individuals with iron deficiency anemia. The evaluation of serum iron levels in anemic individuals will be helpful to medical experts in determining the best course of treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that renal tubular damage and hepatocellular injury may be secondary to oxidative lipid peroxidation mediated by the iron overload. However further investigations are extremely necessary for this interpretation. A better evaluation of iron toxicity and regular monitoring of renal functions, liver functions, accompanied by an improvement in chelation therapy along with the administration of selective antioxidants (vitamins E and C), may protect different organs against oxidative stress and its consequences, specifically endocrine problems. Keywords: Anemia, Iron deficiency, Ferritin, Hemoglobin, Thalassemia, hepatocellular injury.

Objective: The hypothesis that body mass index and diet has direct influence on plasma lipids. The aims and objectives of present study were to highlight the relationship between, BMI, diet and components of lipid profile in male and female individuals. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional comparative study in which blood samples were collected from both male and female individuals. Place and Duration: Present study was conducted in medical units of Jinnah hospital Lahore, Services hospital Lahore and Bahawal Victoria hospital Bahawalpur from February 2022 to November 2022. Methodology: Total 500 individuals were divided into different groups such as Group-A with 100 normal individuals were control while in Group-B 100 male individuals of 30-45 years with low fat balanced diet, in Group-C 100 male individuals with fat rich imbalanced diet, in Group-D 100 female individuals of 30-45 years with low fat balanced diet whereas in Group-E 100 female individuals with fat rich imbalanced diet were selected and BMI, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL and HDL levels were measured respectively. Results: The findings of present study indicated different levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins with comparative significant (P≤0.05) changes in different groups as compared with control Group-A. A remarkable changes in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL levels in Group-B and Group-C were seen (160.1±0.02, 112.1±0.01, 106.1±0.01, 40.1±0.01) (210.2±0.01, 152.1±0.02, 120.2±0.03, 37.4±0.01) respectively. While in Group-E as compared with Group-D the cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL levels (230.2±0.04, 192.1±0.02, 130.1±0.01, 42.1±0.02) (170.2±0.04, 112.1±0.02, 110.2±0.03, 50.4±0.01) were high as compared with the individuals of Group-D. Practical implication: The regular health awareness programs were not available for local population from health administration while lipid profile is directly proportional to the cardiac medical complications in all over the world. The main task of present study was to provide exact medical awareness to the people about diet related variations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels and ultimately it was concluded that dyslipidemia can occur in those with a normal BMI as well as those who are obese or overweight. Conclusion: The findings of current study were described that cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels have correlation with BMI and intake diet. Therefore comparative significant (P≤0.05) changes in fat rich imbalanced groups were seen as compared with low fat balanced diet groups. According to the findings of this study, dyslipidemia can occur in those with a normal BMI as well as those who are obese or overweight. Keywords: Body mass index, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low density lipoproteins, High density lipoproteins

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic syndrome with abnormality in metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipids, and characterized by absolute and relative deficiency of insulin secretion. DM leads to its most common and frequent complication- Diabetic kidney disease. Oxidative stress induced by decreased antioxidant defenses and/or increased free radical formation are involved in causative factor and disease in diabetics, is an evidence-based study. Materials and Methods: Place of Study: This studied group consisted of 100 subjects with diabetic nephropathy recruited from Jinnah hospital Lahore. Study Design: A comparative Clinical study. Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the key processes involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Population size: total 100 patients were selected Data collection procedure: Five ml of venous blood sample was taken from the antecubital vein of each participant. The sample bottles were centrifuged within one hour of collection, after which the serum was separated and stored at -70°C until assayed. The subjects with the history of taking drugs (Including alcohol and cigarette), pre-diagnosis medications (e.g. antiparkinsonian/antipsychotic), were excluded from this study. Data Analysis Plan: Results were analyzed through T test by using SPSS version 16. Results: Hematological profile of diabetic nephropathy patients were observed. Abnormal changes were found in platelet count and lymphocytes predicting coagulation and inflammation inside body. Antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH-GPx) and vitamins (A, E, C, D) were decreased. Oxidative markers and inflammatory markers such as MDA, MPO, and AOPPs were found to be increased. Practical Implication: Present study will bring a positive change in the field of diabetology and will bring ease in the life of patients in the community . Conclusion: Owing to present facts it is clear that hyperglycemia activates the various signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which further activates signaling cascades which causes the structural and functional alterations in kidney that enhance the complications associated with diabetic nephropathy. Keywords: Diabetic kidney disease, Oxidative stress, Reactive oxygen species, Antioxidants, AOPPs