Questionnaires may be useful in epidemiological studies for ranking physical activity levels of adolescents, such as a confounding factor for other lifestyle surveys, but these surveys are less accurate for younger children.

The purposes of this study were to examine the effectiveness of the gamificationbased intervention on health behavior change. Participants were 53 Japanese undergraduate and graduate students, of whom 30 were allocated to the intervention group and 23 were allocated to the control group. In the intervention group, daily physical activity and dietary behavior were assessed using a mobile phone application called The Way of Health. The application includes various functions, such as recording daily steps and checking the accomplishment of health behavior challenges. The program was conducted for 100 days from May 2016 to August 2016. ANOVA results for daily steps per week revealed a significant increase in daily steps only in the intervention group. Similarly, concerning the results of ANOVA for the diet behavior score, the intervention group was shown to be significantly higher than the control group along with time. Descriptive statistics revealed that 92.8%, 89.3%, and 82.1% of participants "agreed" or "somewhat agreed" that the points, badges, and leaderboards, respectively, were useful. This study indicated the possibility that gamification could work well for promoting healthy behaviors. Elements of gamification might be recognized as a facilitating factor for participant engagement in an intervention for health behavior change.

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One of the most frequently identified psychosocial correlates with adherence to physical activity (PA) and exercise is the individual's perception of personal capability or selfieffieacy (SE: Bandura, 1986Bandura, , 1997. It is well known that SE perceptions are influenced by, or influence, the PA and exercise participation. To date, a wide variety ofSE scales have been developed and applied in studies of PA and exercise. In this review, we consider the extant literature dealing with the infiuential roles of SE in relation to PA and exercise for healthy people, We first provide a brief overview ofSE roles in Social Cognitive Theory developed by Bandura. Second, three types of SE scales (task, barrier, and general) are surveyed in PA and exercise participation, which examine different modes of SE. Task SE refers to measures directed at the assessment of beliefs regarding subjects' capabilities to successfu11y engage in incremental bouts ofPA and exercise. Barrier SE is used to typically assess beliefs in capabi]ity to ove;come social, personal and environmental barriers to doing PA and exercise. General SE is examined as more general measure of the efficacy construct due to its generalization to PA and exercise. After each review, we discuss some measurement-related issues related to the development ofSE scales to the PA and exercise domain: level and strength, item number and content, and reliability and validity. Finally we conclude with some recommendations fbr future considerations in the measurement ofselfefficacy.

A survey was conducted to assess physical activity, depression, and sense of coherence among early adolescents. This study used a cross-sectional sample of 12,086 students(G5-G9)from 28 public elementary schools and 22 public junior-high-schools in Japan. A total of 9,424 students(G5-G8)were surveyed from December 2013 to December 2015 using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire ［資 料］ 発育発達研究 第 78 号 (IPAQ) -short form to measure physical activity (PA), the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS-C)for depressive symptoms, and the Sense of Coherence Scale-13-item version(SOC-13).Vigorous PA(VPA)of the G5 boys(4h 20 min)was significantly longer than that of the G5 girls(1h 30 min)and the VPA of the junior-high-school students increased significantly compared with that of the elementary-school students. The VPA of the G8 boys reached 6h 30 min, whereas that of the G8 girls approached 3h, which was a significant difference. Additionally, more junior-high-school students participated in sports-club activities than did elementary-school students.The mean DSRS-C score of the G5 girls(10.24±5.73)was significantly higher than that of the G5 boys (9.31±5.31). No other differences by grade, were found among the elementary-school students. The depressive symptoms of the junior-high-school students indicated they had a greater risk for depression than the elementary-school students did.The mean SOC score of the G8 boys(44.58±8.11)was higher(better)than that of the G8 girls (43.46± 8.30). Furthermore, the elementary-school studentsʼ score on the SOC was higher than that of the juniorhigh-school students；the score tended to decrease as the grade increased. Key words：adolescence, physical activities, depression, sense of coherence, questionnaire 思春期，身体活動量，抑うつ，首尾一貫感覚，質問紙法 Ⅰ はじめに 思春期は二次性徴による身体の変化や認識，感 情等の精神面など，急激な発育発達が起こる時期 であり，様々なストレスの原因となる出来事が増 える時期である．この思春期の健康問題として， 不登校，不定愁訴，自殺行為などが挙げられてお り，うつ病に関しても，わが国の思春期の子ども における有病率は 2.0-8.0％であり，大人とほぼ 同程度であるといわれている(傳田，2007) ．