BackgroundIt is uncertain whether smoking is related to colorectal cancer risk. Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) are important enzymes in the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens, and functional genetic polymorphisms are known for these enzymes. We investigated the relation of cigarette smoking and related genetic polymorphisms to colorectal cancer risk, with special reference to the interaction between smoking and genetic polymorphism.MethodsWe used data from the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, including 685 cases and 778 controls who gave informed consent to genetic analysis. Interview was conducted to assess lifestyle factors, and DNA was extracted from buffy coat.ResultsIn comparison with lifelong nonsmokers, the odds ratios (OR) of colorectal cancer for <400, 400-799 and ≥800 cigarette-years were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.89), 1.16 (0.83-1.62) and 1.14 (0.73-1.77), respectively. A decreased risk associated with light smoking was observed only for colon cancer, and rectal cancer showed an increased risk among those with ≥400 cigarette-years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.45). None of the polymorphisms under study was singly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Of the gene-gene interactions studied, the composite genotype of CYP1A1*2A or CYP1A1*2C and GSTT1 polymorphisms was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer, showing a nearly statistically significant (Pinteraction = 0.06) or significant interaction (Pinteraction = 0.02). The composite genotypes of these two polymorphisms, however, showed no measurable interaction with cigarette smoking in relation to colorectal cancer risk.ConclusionsCigarette smoking may be associated with increased risk of rectal cancer, but not of colon cancer. The observed interactions between CYP1A1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms warrant further confirmation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical complication in pregnancy, carries adverse health outcomes for both mothers and offspring. However, national data on the prevalence and secular trends of GDM during the past 10 years in the U.S. is lacking. This study included 26,340 ever-pregnant women aged ≥ 18 years from the National Health Interview Survey in 20and 2016. We examined GDM prevalence in 20and 2016. The prevalence of GDM increased from 4.6% in 20to 8.2% in 2016 (P&lt;0.001). non-Hispanic white women showed less increase in the prevalence (2.8%) than non-Hispanic black women (3.8%), Hispanic women (4.1%), and women with other race/ethnicity (8.4%). The prevalence of GDM in non-Hispanic white women was higher than in non-Hispanic black (P=0.01) and women with other race/ethnicity (P=0.01) in 2006; but similar with in non-Hispanic black and lower than in women with other race/ethnicity (p=0.02) in 2016. The prevalence of GDM in non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women was similar in 20and 2016. In addition, the increase of GDM was more evident among women who were overweight, had low income, aged between 45-64 years, and had insufficient physical activity. In conclusion, the prevalence of GDM increased by 3.6% from 20to 2016; and the rise was more marked among non-white, overweight, low income, age 45-64 years, and insufficient activity groups. Disclosure T. Zhou: None. D. Sun: None. X. Li: None. Y. Heianza: None. H. Nisa: None. G. Hu: None. X. Pei: None. X. Shang: None. L. Qi: None.

AbstrakLatar belakang. Penyebaran virus COVID-19 telah mengakibatkan langkah-langkah yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, seperti membatasi perjalanan dan aktivitas sosial di banyak negara. Physical distancing sangat penting untuk mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 dan diperkirakan akan berlanjut untuk beberapa waktu.Tujuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui determinan perilaku physical distancing pada mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakartadi awal masa pandemi COVID-19.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif desain studi cross sectional. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 417 sampel dengan menggunakan metode voluntary sampling. Informasi dikumpulkan secara online melalui google form pada bulan April 2020. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda.Hasil. Perilaku physical distancing yang baik dilaksanakan oleh 55,9% mahasiswa. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan determinan perilaku physical distancing adalah jenis kelamin perempuan (OR=3,438, 95% CI: 2,037-5,804); pengetahuan yang baik terkait physical distancing (OR=1,757, 95% CI: 1,057-2,919); serta adanya dukungan keluarga (OR=1,854, 95% CI:1,219-2,819). Dukungan TOMA tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan perilaku physical distancing (OR=1,469, 95% CI: 0,961-2,246).Kesimpulan. Perilaku physical distancing masih perlu ditingkatkan. Mahasiswa perempuan lebih baik dalam menerapkan perilaku physical distancing. Dukungan keluarga dan pengetahuan terkait physical distancing mempengaruhi perilaku physical distancing. AbstractBackground.  The spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in unprecedented measures such as restricting travel and social activity in many countries. Physical distancing is critical to fighting COVID-19 and is expected to continue for some time.Objective.The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of physical distancing behavior of university students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. This study used an observational analytic method with cross-sectional study design. A total of 417 respondents was selected by using voluntary sampling method. Information was collected online using google form in April 2020. Data were analysed using a multiple logistic regression test. Results. Good physical distancing behavior carried out by 55.9% of students. The results of multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with physical distancing behavior were female gender (OR=3.438, 95% CI: 2.037-5.804), good knowledge of physical distancing (OR=1.757, 95% CI: 1.057-2.919), and family support (OR=1.854, 95% CI: 1.219-2.819). Meanwhile, support from community leaders was not significantly related to physical distancing behavior (OR=1.469, 95% CI: 0.961-2.246). Conclusion. Uptake of physical distancing behavior needs to increase. Female university students were better at uptaking physical distancing behavior. Family support and knowledge about physical distancing effect the uptake of physical distancing behavior.

Background Little is known about the contribution of genetic variation to food timing, and breakfast has been determined to exhibit the most heritable meal timing. As breakfast timing and skipping are not routinely measured in large cohort studies, alternative approaches include analyses of correlated traits. Objectives The aim of this study was to elucidate breakfast skipping genetic variants through a proxy-phenotype genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breakfast cereal skipping, a commonly assessed correlated trait. Methods We leveraged the statistical power of the UK Biobank (n = 193,860) to identify genetic variants related to breakfast cereal skipping as a proxy-phenotype for breakfast skipping and applied several in silico approaches to investigate mechanistic functions and links to traits/diseases. Next, we attempted validation of our approach in smaller breakfast skipping GWAS from the TwinUK (n = 2,006) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (n = 11,963). Results In the UK Biobank, we identified 6 independent GWAS variants, including those implicated for caffeine (ARID3B/CYP1A1), carbohydrate metabolism (FGF21), schizophrenia (ZNF804A), and encoding enzymes important for N6-methyladenosine RNA transmethylation (METTL4, YWHAB, and YTHDF3), which regulates the pace of the circadian clock. Expression of identified genes was enriched in the cerebellum. Genome-wide correlation analyses indicated positive correlations with anthropometric traits. Through Mendelian randomization (MR), we observed causal links between genetically determined breakfast skipping and higher body mass index, more depressive symptoms, and smoking. In bidirectional MR, we demonstrated a causal link between being an evening person and skipping breakfast, but not vice versa. We observed association of our signals in an independent breakfast skipping GWAS in another British cohort (P = 0.032), TwinUK, but not in a meta-analysis of non-British cohorts from the CHARGE consortium (P = 0.095). Conclusions Our proxy-phenotype GWAS identified 6 genetic variants for breakfast skipping, linking clock regulation with food timing and suggesting a possible beneficial role of regular breakfast intake as part of a healthy lifestyle.

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