High persistent organochlorine (OC) insecticides are banned to be used in indoor. In some developing countries, they used for controlling vectors insects. Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides widely utilized to control which replaced OC occasionally. On the contrary, organophosphorus pesticides are widely used in the control of various insect pests of agricultural crops and fodder for animal production. In comparison with OC group, OP has highly toxic hazards and shortterm environmental degradation. Herein, we determine the organochlorine pesticide residues in tomato samples from various governorates in Upper Egypt. As a result, heptachlor-epoxide, dieldrin, aldrin, p, p'-DDE, and p, p'-DDT had the lowest residues in all tomato samples, with values of (0.61, 0.93, 1.38, 1.7, and 1.74 µg/ kg) for each pesticide residue, respectively, based on results of gas chromatography in tomato samples using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method. Further, heptachlor and methoxychlor was found to be the highest levels among the pesticide residues that detected (13.9 and 10.42 µg/ kg) respectively. For the OP insecticide residues, the collected samples of tomatoes from Assiut, New Valley, El-Minia and Sohag were no residues to be found. Further studies of continues monitoring OC and OP residues of pesticides in different ecosystems septically in table vegetables and fruit should be applied.

Two schedules of spray programme were tested for protecting wheat spikes from bird attack and reduce damage.In one-spray programme schedule, the protection indices (PI%) were calculated after different post-treatment intervals from pesticide applications. PI% of different application rates of the tested pesticides (pirimicarb, fenitrothion, malathion, flusilazole and diniconazole) indicated that the repellency performance at ripening stages of wheat was differed according to the chemical type and concentration of the repellents. The highest protection performance was exhibited by using the recommended rate of the tested pesticide, where PI% of 63.96, 37.66, 38.05, 41.24 and 42.55 % were obtained with pirimicarb, fenitrothion, malathion, flusilazole and diniconazole, respectively. In the twospray programme schedule, protection performance of wheat spikes from house sparrow attak was also differed according to the chemical structure, rate of application and post-treatment intervals. Significant differences were observed between insecticide and fungicide compounds. The highest protection indices for wheat spikes were 74.33%, 51.53% and 51.06% when treated by pirimicarb, diniconazole and flusilazole, respectively, using the recommended rates for pest control. PI% were 48.09%, 46.68% and 44.68% for fenitrothion, pirimicarb and malathion, respectively, when fenitrothion and malathion were used at the recommended rates. While pirimicarb was used in a rate less than that of recommended for insect pest control. The differences between one and two-spray programme schedules; repellency potential; protection acheivement after different posttreatment intervals and the rates of pesticide application were discussed.

Two schedules of spray programme were tested for protecting wheat spikes from bird attack and reduce damage.In one-spray programme schedule, the protection indices (PI%) were calculated after different post-treatment intervals from pesticide applications. PI% of different application rates of the tested pesticides (pirimicarb, fenitrothion, malathion, flusilazole and diniconazole) indicated that the repellency performance at ripening stages of wheat was differed according to the chemical type and concentration of the repellents. The highest protection performance was exhibited by using the recommended rate of the tested pesticide, where PI% of 63.96, 37.66, 38.05, 41.24 and 42.55 % were obtained with pirimicarb, fenitrothion, malathion, flusilazole and diniconazole, respectively. In the twospray programme schedule, protection performance of wheat spikes from house sparrow attak was also differed according to the chemical structure, rate of application and post-treatment intervals. Significant differences were observed between insecticide and fungicide compounds. The highest protection indices for wheat spikes were 74.33%, 51.53% and 51.06% when treated by pirimicarb, diniconazole and flusilazole, respectively, using the recommended rates for pest control. PI% were 48.09%, 46.68% and 44.68% for fenitrothion, pirimicarb and malathion, respectively, when fenitrothion and malathion were used at the recommended rates. While pirimicarb was used in a rate less than that of recommended for insect pest control. The differences between one and two-spray programme schedules; repellency potential; protection acheivement after different posttreatment intervals and the rates of pesticide application were discussed.

Toxicity of malathion, profenophos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, methomyl, propoxure, spinosad and abamectin was tested against larvae of laboratory (S) and three field (AM, AU and W) strains of C. pipiens (L). Based on LC 50 values, spinosad was the most toxic compound against the S strain (LC 50 = 0.0156 ppb), while fenvalerate and cypermethrin were the most effective insecticides against the three field populations. Values of LC 50 for fenvalerate for AM, AU and W strains were 0.497, 0.315 and 0.868 ppb, respectively, and the corresponding values for cypermethrin were 0.898, 0.367 and 1.21 ppb. The carbamate insecticide, methomyl exhibited the least toxic effect against S, AM and Au strains; while the organophosphorus, malathion was the least toxic compound against W strain. Comparing LC 50 values of the field strains with those of the laboratory strain (resistance ratio at LC 50 level), spinosad showed the highest RR value in AM and AU strains (78.82 and 137.25, respectively). Malathion showed the highest RR value in W strain (1744.46). Slope and RR values revealed that all tested field populations were homogenous in their response toward all tested insecticides except for spinosad. The ability to build up resistance against insecticides from different groups was discussed.