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The blue color resulting from the formation of Indophenol In the Berthelot method of determining ammonia was suppressed by primary and secondary amines, sulfides, thiols, and ascorbic acid, and to a lesser extent by tertiary amines. We postulate that nucleophilic additions of amines, thiols, and other nucleophiles to the qulnold Intermediates of the Berthelot reaction decrease the formation of Indophenol. It Is also possible that reducing agents deplete hypochlorite to suboptlmal levels.

Virtually unlimited numbers of hydra can be grown under precise conditions in the laboratory with relative ease. Artemia cysts must be treated to remove gross contamination before hatching the nauplii to be used as the food of hydra. Large volumes of a variety of chemically defined culture solutions should be prepared. A particular regimen of animal care especially devised for aquatic invertebrates must be adhered to. General requirements for, and the advantages of, laboratory cultivation of aquatic invertebrates are discussed.

Absolute pitch is reported to occur in 1 out of 10,000 persons, usually those trained in music before age 6. We demonstrate that the five individuals we tested, who have Williams syndrome, a condition caused by a microdeletion of about 20 genes in the q11.23 region of one of their two chromosomes number seven, possess near ceiling levels of absolute pitch despite their limited cognitive abilities. With these individuals, we also describe our preliminary findings on relative pitch, transposition, and retention. We discuss the possibilities that (1) the incidence of absolute pitch among individuals with Williams syndrome is higher than that found in the general population and (2) the normal early childhood critical period of absolute pitch acquisition may be extended in individuals with Williams syndrome.