The current study was aimed to detect qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS genes in quinolone-resistance extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates that recovered from patients with urinary tract infection in Babylon Province, Iraq. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) was regarded as the most important causative agent of urinary tract infections. Fluoroquinolones are regularly used in the management of these infections; on the other hand, in recent years, an increasing rate of quinolone resistance has been stated globally. Clinical isolates of UPEC were collected from patients with infection of urinary tract and identified by standard laboratory protocols. PCR was used for detection of quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS) in ESBL-producing isolates, and sequencing of some qnr genes confirmed the results. Out of 208 urine specimens, 42 UPEC isolates of ESBL producing were detected; of them, 27 (64.28%) isolates were found to be resistant to quinolones. PCR results revealed that out of 27 UPEC, five (18.51%) isolates were found to carry both genes qnrS and qnrB, whereas four (14.81%) isolates were harbored qnrD and qnrA, and no isolate was found to have qnrC. Sequencing of qnrB and qnrS genes revealed that mutational changes were observed in qnrB gene; however, no mutational variation was observed in qnrS gene. The results of the current study revealed the dissemination of ESBL genes in all UPEC isolates that carry the plasmid-mediated qnr genes with low frequency among the clinical isolates and UPEC isolates; these results confirmed that the quinolone resistance in Babylon Province, Iraq might be because of chromosomal genes for this resistance.

A total of (96) lavage specimens were taken from patients with ventilator associated Pneumonia (VAP), and bronchioalviolar lavage (BAL), during the period from February to June (2018) admitted to the Al-Hillah General Teaching Hospital, Al-Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital and Tiba Center. Among them 24(25%) of specimens were found to be S. aureus isolates were recovered from lavage from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) from patients with bronchiectasis, 22 (36%), 2(5.7%) respectively. In this study, the (21) Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus MRSA isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing (DDT) according to the CLSI, (2016) guidelines using (13) different antibiotic disk.

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The current study amid to investigate association of Interleukin-17A with uropathogenic Escherichia coli among patients with urinary tract infection in karbala province, Iraq. Bacterial infections are widespread in urinary tract infections with a global extention. Uropathogenic E.coli (UPeC) is the most common causes of these infections. Out of 110 patients were examined by urologists for urinary tract infection, 25 patients showed positive result for UPEC and other 25 showed positive result for other bacterial pathogens. UPEC were diagnosed depended on the cultural, microscopical, biochemical examinations and confirm the identification by using Vitek2 system. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detection of four genes (pap C, cnfA, fim H, and fyu A). Interleukin-17A concentration in urine was measured by using ELISA kit. out of 110 urine samples, 56 (44.90%) with significant bacteriuria, 44(40%) with non-significant bacteriuria and 10 (9.09 %) with negative culture. The presence of UPEC among significant bacteriuria was 25/56 (44.64 %). The distribution of pap C, cnfA, fim H, and fyu A genes among UPEC were 17(68%), 17(68%), 16(64%) and 15(60%) respectively. Through UTI patients, 50 gave positive (121.70) pg/ml results compared to 30 of control (13. 94) pg/ml. Among uropathogenic Escherichia coli patients, 25 gave positive (92.80) pg/ml results, while 25 of other bacterial pathogens gave positive (15.40) pg/ml results.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the ESKAPE pathogens which are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. The aim of this study is to detect the role of Some Proteins in Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem. The research included the collection of 100 different clinical specimens of( urine, burns, and wounds) isolated from patients in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital for the period from September to December 2021. 20 isolates out of 100 isolates belonging to A.baumannii  were obtained. The samples were collected from different clinical specimens distributed as follows:7(35%) Swabs of burns,8(40%) swabs of wounds, and 5(25%)from urine, an examination was conducted for (8)Antibiotics by ( Antibiotic Susceptibility Test-AST ) on 20  isolates. The results showed that all isolates are resistant to antibiotics except for imipenem showed a sensitivity of 20% and resistance of 80% to imipenem. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration level of imipenem that were conducted for five isolates showed that all isolates are resistant to imipenem at concentrations of (128 mg/ml and 256 mg/ml ), while  2(40%) isolates out of 5 isolates were resistant to imipenem in the concentration of 64 mg /ml.