Ketoprofen is known to induce photosensitivity due to its specific structure and electronic features, and this limits its use in medical applications. In this Article, the photochemistry of (S)-ketoprofen has been investigated by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy to gain additional information so as to better elucidate the possible photochemical reaction mechanism of ketoprofen in different solvents. In nonaqueous solvents like neat acetonitrile and isopropyl alcohol, and 1:1 acetonitrile:water and 1:1 acetonitrile:acidic water aqueous solvents, (S)-ketoprofen exhibits benzophenone-like photochemistry to produce a triplet state, which in turn produces a ketyl radical-like species that then undergoes a cross-coupling reaction with either a dimethyl radical (which is generated by hydrogen abstraction of isopropyl alcohol) or a water molecule, respectively, at the para-position to form a transient species that has a lifetime up to the microsecond time scale. However, photolysis of (S)-ketoprofen in a 1:1 acetonitrile:alkaline water solution and 3:7 acetonitrile:phosphate buffered solution appears to undergo a prompt decarboxylation reaction. Only one species was observed in the nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman experiments under these conditions, and this species was tentatively assigned to be a triplet protonated biradical carbanion.
Photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) when conjugated to biological effectors forming “caged compounds” are a powerful means to regulate the action of physiologically active messengers in vivo through 1-photon excitation (1PE) and 2-photon excitation (2PE). Understanding the photodeprotection mechanism is important for their physiological use. We compared the quantum efficiencies and product outcomes in different solvent and pH conditions for the photolysis reactions of (8-chloro-7-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methyl acetate (CHQ-OAc) and (8-bromo-7-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)methyl acetate (BHQ-OAc), representatives of the quinoline class of phototriggers for biological use, and conducted nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopic studies using transient emission (ns-EM), transient absorption (ns-TA), transient resonance Raman (ns-TR2), and time-resolved resonance Raman (ns-TR3) spectroscopies. The results indicate differences in the photochemical mechanisms and product outcomes, and reveal that the triplet excited state is most likely on the pathway to the product and that dehalogenation competes with release of acetate from BHQ-OAc, but not CHQ-OAc. A high fluorescence quantum yield and a more efficient excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) in CHQ-OAc compared to BHQ-OAc explain the lower quantum efficiency of CHQ-OAc relative to BHQ-OAc.
3',5'-Dimethoxybenzoin (DMB) is a bichromophoric system that has widespread application as a highly efficient photoremovable protecting group (PRPG) for the release of diverse functional groups. The photodeprotection of DMB phototriggers is remarkably clean, and is accompanied by the formation of a biologically benign cyclization product, 3',5'-dimethoxybenzofuran (DMBF). The underlying mechanism of the DMB deprotection and cyclization has, however, until now remained unclear. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (ns-TR(3)) spectroscopy were employed to detect the transient species directly, and examine the dynamic transformations involved in the primary photoreactions for DMB diethyl phosphate (DMBDP) in acetonitrile (CH(3)CN). To assess the electronic character and the role played by the individual sub-chromophore, that is, the benzoyl, and the di-meta-methoxybenzylic moieties, for the DMBDP deprotection, comparative fs-TA measurements were also carried out for the reference compounds diethyl phosphate acetophenone (DPAP), and 3',5'-dimethoxybenzylic diethyl phosphate (DMBnDP) in the same solvent. Comparison of the fs-TA spectra reveals that the photoexcited DMBDP exhibits distinctly different spectral character and dynamic evolution from those of the reference compounds. This fact, combined with the related steady-state spectral and density functional theoretical results, strongly suggests the presence in DMBDP of a significant interaction between the two sub-chromophores, and that this interaction plays a governing role in determining the nature of the photoexcitation and the reaction channel of the subsequent photophysical and photochemical transformations. The ns-TR(3) results and their correlation with the fs-TA spectra and dynamics provide evidence for a novel concerted deprotection-cyclization mechanism for DMBDP in CH(3)CN. By monitoring the direct generation of the transient DMBF product, the cyclization time constant was determined unequivocally to be approximately 1 ns. This indicates that there is little relevance for the long-lived intermediates (>10 ns) in giving the DMBF product, and excludes the stepwise mechanism proposed in the literature as the major pathway for the DMB cyclization reaction. This work provides important new insights into the origin of the 3',5'-dimethoxy substitution effect for the DMB photodeprotection. It also helps to clarify the many different views presented in previous mechanistic studies of the DMB PRPGs. In addition to this, our fs-TA results on the reference compound DMBnDP in CH(3)CN provide the first direct observation (to the best of our knowledge) showing the predominance of a prompt (approximately 2 ps) heterolytic bond cleavage after photoexcitation of meta-methoxybenzylic compounds. This provides insight into the long-term controversies about the photoinitiated dissociation mode of related substituted benzylic compounds.
The 8-bromo-7-hydroxyquinolinyl group (BHQ) is a derivative of 7-hydroxyquinoline (7-HQ) and BHQ molecules coexisting as different forms in aqueous solution. Absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic methods were used to examine 8-bromo-7-hydroxyquinoline protected acetate (BHQ-OAc) in acetonitrile (MeCN), H(2)O/MeCN (60:40, v/v, pH 6 approximately 7), and NaOH-H(2)O/MeCN (60:40, v/v, pH 11 approximately 12) to obtain a better characterization of the forms of the ground-state species of BHQ-OAc in aqueous solutions and to examine their properties. The absorption spectra of BHQ-OAc in water show no absorption bands of the tautomeric species unlike the strong band at about 400 nm observed for the tautomeric form in 7-HQ aqueous solution. The resonance Raman spectra in conjunction with Raman spectra predicted from density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the observation of a double Raman band system characteristic of the neutral form (the nominal C=C ring stretching, C-N stretching, and O-H bending modes at 1564 and 1607 cm(-1)) and a single Raman band diagnostic of the enol-deprotonated anionic form (the nominal C=C ring, C-N, and C-O(-) stretching modes in the 1593 cm(-1) region). These results suggest that the neutral form of BHQ-OAc is the major species in neutral aqueous solution. There is a modest increase in the amount of the anionic form and a big decrease in the amount of the tautomeric form of the molecules for BHQ-OAc compared to 7-HQ in neutral aqueous solution. The presence of the 8-bromo group and/or competitive hydrogen bonding that hinder the formation and transfer process of a BHQ-OAc-water cyclic complex may be responsible for this large substituent effect.
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