INTRODUCTIONVitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized non-enzymatically in the skin and metabolized in the liver and kidneys. It arranges the immune response of the body, acts as a steroid hormone and plays a crucial role in mineral homeostasis and skeletal health. 1 Serum vitamin D levels in the range 30-60 ng/ml (75-150 nmol/l) are considered normal.Deficiency of vitamin D is associated with a variety of bone disorders (rickets, osteoporosis or osteomalacia), skin diseases and autoimmune disorders. 1,2 It also causes increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure and coronary artery disease. 2-5 Furthermore, deficiency of vitamin D has been reported in arterial diseases, including aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease, arterial calcification and hypertension. [6][7][8][9] Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is characterized by thrombus formation, usually in the lower-extremity deep venous system, which causes obstruction or occlusion of blood flow in veins. It is considered to be the third most common cardiovascular disease, after ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular events. 10 Although the medical and interventional treatment options for deep vein thrombosis have improved nowadays, it continues to pose a serious problem, especially in cases with inadequate treatment. It can lead to pulmonary thromboembolism, venous gangrene, chronic venous insufficiency and post-thrombotic syndrome. 11 The most well-known factors in the etiology of lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis are genetic predisposition, malignancy, history of surgical operation, immobilization, trauma, bone fractures, long journeys and oral contraceptive use. 12 Nevertheless, there may also be other factors that play a role in the etiopathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis.

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Background The fact that inflammation triggers epileptic seizures brings to mind the antiepileptic properties of anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective To investigate the electrophysiological and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod on an experimental penicillin-induced acute epileptic seizure model in rats. Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (penicillin), positive control (penicillin + diazepam [5 mg/kg]), drug (penicillin + fingolimod [0.3 mg/kg]) and synergy group (penicillin + diazepam + fingolimod). The animals were anesthetized with urethane, and epileptiform activity was induced by intracortical injection of penicillin (500,000 IU). After electrophysiological recording for 125 minutes, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA in the serum of sacrificed animals. Results During the experiment, animal deaths occurred in the synergy group due to the synergistic negative chronotropic effect of diazepam and fingolimod. Although not statistically significant, fingolimod caused a slight decrease in spike-wave activity and spike amplitudes in the acute seizure model induced by penicillin (p > 0.05). Fingolimod decreased serum IL-1β (p < 0.05); fingolimod and diazepam together reduced IL-6 (p < 0.05), but no change was observed in serum TNF-α values. Conclusion Even in acute use, the spike-wave and amplitude values of fingolimod decrease with diazepam, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod will be more prominent in chronic applications and central tissue evaluations. In addition, concomitant use of fingolimod and diazepam is considered to be contraindicated due to the synergistic negative inotropic effect.

The role of acetylcholinesterase in terminating acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission made it the focus of intense research. In this study the haemolymph Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis was purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 fractional precipitation and affinity chromatography on edrophonium-Sepharose 6B. The enzyme was purified approximatedly 13 fold over the crude extract and was obtained in 3 % yield. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 3 U/mg protein. It had an optimum pH of 7.5 and showed optimal activity at 35 o C. Km and Vmax for acetylthiocholine iodide were 1.3 mM and 0.188 mM/mg/min, respectively. The purified enzyme migrated as a 51 000 dalton band during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing and reducing conditions. Three methoxyflavones were examined in order to evaluate their potential as anti-Alzheimer's Disease (AD) agents. All of the compounds were shown to be potent AChE inhibitors. Therefore, these compounds may have great value in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for AD.

We tested our working hypothesis that that liraglutide (LRG), a Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, may potentiate the e cacy of tramadol (TR), a synthetic opioid, in acute in ammatory process and may has profound therapeutic effects in controlling the local acute in ammation. The present study aimed to explore the possible anti-in ammatory actions of LRG, TR or their combination treatments by investigating the in ammatory signs such as pain hypersensitivity, edema and fever in carrageenan (CG)induced acute peripheral in ammation model in rats. The levels of several biomarkers for in ammatory status, angiogenesis and oxidative stress were also measured in in amed tissues. CG induced in ammation in the paws of rats caused identi ed by hypersensitivities, redness, edema and fever. LRG, TR or LRG+TR signi cantly improved the mechanical and cold allodynia, and reduced the edema and fever. LRG dramatically suppressed the in ammatory signs when compared to those of TR. In addition, co-administration of TR and LRG resulted in further reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli. E cacies of LRG, TR or LRG+TR on in ammatory induced reactions altered depending on inhibition rates in the biomarkers of in amed paws. Consequently, the suppressive actions of TR, LRG or TR+LRG combination in the in ammation induced hypersensitivities, edema and fever indicates that these drugs have signi cant anti-in ammatory potential with anti-hypersensitivities, anti-edema and antipyretic effects. LRG with anti-in ammatory actions may be a highly promising options for the management of in ammatory conditions or in ammatory related various diseases.