Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is invasive insect in Korea which causes plant damages by sucking and sooty molds. Lycorma delicatula was first detected in South Korea in 2004, where its introduction and spreading possibly were affected by human activityrelated factors. Here, we used MaxEnt to describe current distribution of L. delicatula in Korea and tried to find out the impact of human influences for distribution. We used 143 sites of occurrence data, 19 bioclimatic variables, duration of temperature below -11°C, average daily minimum temperature in January, cumulative thermal unit variable, the distribution of grape orchard variable and human footprint to create models. These models were estimated by two sets of 24 candidates with feature combinations and regularization multipliers. In addition, these two sets were created as models with and without footprint for how human influence affect to distribution. Model selection for optimal model was performed by selecting a model with a lowest sum of each rank in small sample-size corrected Akaike's information criterion and difference between training and test AUC. Model of LQ10 parameter combinations was selected as optimal models for both model sets. Consequently, both of distribution maps from these models showed similar patterns of presence probability for L. delicatula. Both models expected that low altitude regions were relatively more suitable than mountain areas in Korea.

Anastatus orientalis, native to northern China, is an egg parasitoid wasp of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) and is being tested as a potential biological control agent for invasive L. delicatula in the United States. As a component of these evaluations, live A. orientalis collected from Beijing and Yantai in China were reared in containment in the U.S. These specimens showed different responses in diapause behaviors to rearing conditions used previously by other researchers. To understand the primary mechanism potentially driving discrepancies in important life history traits, we used molecular tools to examine the genetic composition of A. orientalis from China and from South Korea, where the parasitoid has been introduced to aid in the population management of invasive L. delicatula. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA recovered six haplotype groups, which exhibit biased frequency of abundance between collection sites. Some haplotypes are widespread, and others only occur in certain locations. No apparent pattern is observed between wasps collected from different years or emergence seasons. Uncorrected genetic distances between haplotype groups range from 0.44% to 1.44% after controlling for within-group variation. Genetic variance of A. orientalis is characterized by high levels of local diversity that contrasts with a lack of a broad-scale population structure. The introduced Korean population exhibits lower genetic diversity compared to native populations. Additionally, we created iso-female lines for major haplotype groups through laboratory rearing. Differences in diapause behavior were correlated with mitochondrial haplotype. Our results indicate that the observed life history traits in A. orientalis have a genetic base.

26Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is invasive insect in Korea which causes 27 plant damages by sucking and sooty molds. Lycorma delicatula was first detected in South 28 Korea in 2004, where its introduction and spreading possibly were affected by human activity-29 related factors. Here, we used MaxEnt to describe current distribution of L. delicatula in Korea 30and tried to find out the impact of human influences for distribution. We used 143 sites of 31 occurrence data, 19 bioclimatic variables, duration of temperature below -11°C, average daily 32 minimum temperature in January, cumulative thermal unit variable, the distribution of grape 33 orchard variable and human footprint to create models. These models were estimated by two 34 sets of 24 candidates with feature combinations and regularization multipliers. In addition, 35 these two sets were created as models with and without footprint for how human influence 36 affect to distribution. Model selection for optimal model was performed by selecting a model 37 with a lowest sum of each rank in small sample-size corrected Akaike's information criterion 38 and difference between training and test AUC. Model of LQ10 parameter combinations was 39 selected as optimal models for both model sets. Consequently, both of distribution maps from 40 these models showed similar patterns of presence probability for L. delicatula. Both models 41 expected that low altitude regions were relatively more suitable than mountain areas in Korea. 42 Footprint might be limited for the distribution and L. delicatula might already occupy most of 43 available habitats. Human-related factors might contribute to spread of L. delicatula to 44 uninfected areas. 45 46 Asia [1]. In Korea, L. delicatula was first detected in Cheonan in 2004 [2], and then expanded 50 across South Korea for more than a decade [3]. Since its first detection, the agricultural area, 51 mostly grapevine yards, damaged by L. delicatula increased rapidly from one ha in 2006, 52 seven ha in [4, 5]. According to 53 Park et al. [3], L. delicatula might disperse more frequently in the western region and its long-54 distance dispersal could be possible beyond the mountain range. These rapid spread might 55 be caused by human-related factors such as vehicles which mainly could transfer a host plant 56 or other material with its egg masses [6]. 57 A few studies have been conducted for determining potential habitats and habitat 58 suitability of L. delicatula. Jung et al. [7] estimated the potential habitats of L. delicatula in 59Korea by using CLIMEX, which is a mechanistic modelling method based on physiological 60 traits and constraints [7]. The CLIMEX requires the biological parameters related with the 61 target insects such as optimal temperature, lower developmental threshold, lethal temperature, 62 optimal humidity and so on [8]. Nevertheless, information on the biological parameters for L. 63 delicatula was limited, and thus estimated potential habitats were not exactly matched with 64 the current d...

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