Objective: To investigate the relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korean women. Design: Longitudinal case-control study. Setting: Not applicable. Patient(s): PCOS patients aged 15 to 44 years (n ¼ 1,136) and control individuals (n ¼ 5,675), matched 1:5 by age group, income, and region of residence. Intervention(s): Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s): The occurrence of T2DM. Result(s):In the PCOS and control groups, 15.7% and 14.4%, respectively, were obese (body mass index R25 kg/m 2 ). The incidence rate of T2DM was 15.84/1,000 and 5.80/1,000 person-years in the PCOS and control groups, respectively. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of T2DM in women with PCOS was 2.6-fold higher than that in control individuals. Women with PCOS still had a higher HR of T2DM than did control individuals after adjustment for body mass index, family history of T2DM, physical exercise level, and total cholesterol. PCOS was significantly associated with T2DM in women both with and without obesity. Conclusion(s): PCOS is independently associated with an increased incidence of T2DM in both obese and nonobese women. Screening for T2DM should be considered for both obese and nonobese women with PCOS in Korea. (Fertil Steril Ò 2021;115:1569-75. Ó2020 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) El resumen está disponible en Español al final del artículo.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of tibolone and transdermal estrogen in treating menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. Methods: Overall, 26 women consumed tibolone orally and 31 women received transdermal estrogen gel mixed with progestogen. The menopause rating scale (MRS) was used to assess their menopausal symptoms at their first outpatient visit and 6 months later. Results: The transdermal estrogen group showed significant improvements in more items of the MRS questionnaire. There was a favorable change in body weight in the transdermal estrogen group compared with that in the tibolone group. Depressive mood, irritability, physical and mental exhaustion, sexual and bladder problems, and joint and muscular discomfort improved only in the transdermal estrogen group, whereas heart discomfort and vaginal dryness improved only in the tibolone group. Nevertheless, the intergroup differences in each item were insignificant after adjusting for body mass index and hypertension, which differed before treatment. Conclusions: Both the therapeutic options improved menopausal symptoms within 6 months of use. However, transdermal estrogen appeared to be more effective in preventing weight gain in menopausal women than tibolone.

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Objective: To evaluate the association between vasomotor symptoms (VMS), skeletal muscle index (SMI), and sarcopenia in menopausal women.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 295 Korean menopausal women 40 to 65 years old who underwent abdominal computed tomography during routine health checkups between January 2014 and May 2016. The crosssectional areas of adipose and skeletal muscles were measured at the L3 level using computed tomography. The SMI is defined as the sum of the skeletal muscle area (cm 2 )/height 2 (m 2 ). Sarcopenia was identified by an SMI of <34.9 cm 2 /m 2 . VMS were assessed using the Menopause Rating Scale.Results: The mean age of the participants was 54.93 AE 6.20 years. VMS were reported in 160 women (54.2%). Sarcopenia was more prevalent in women without VMS (18.5%) than in those with (6.9%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the prevalence of sarcopenia was inversely associated with the prevalence of VMS (odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15-0.67). Moreover, the paraspinal muscle index was positively associated with the prevalence of VMS (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) after adjusting for age, body mass index, waist circumference, adipose tissue area, history of hormone therapy, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, insulin resistance, alcohol intake, and exercise.Conclusions: VMS are less common in women with sarcopenia than in those without and are positively associated with paraspinal muscle mass in Korean menopausal women. Further longitudinal studies are required to investigate the causal relationships and underlying mechanisms.